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FIELD SERVICE 

By 

COLONEL JAMES A. MOSS 

U. S. Army 


PRINTED AUGUST, 1917 


Price $1.25 



eljr (Eoilrgtal^iPrraa 

GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY 

Menasha, Wisconsin 





DISTRIBUTERS 


Copyright 1917 
Ry 

JAS. A. MOSS'' 



UNITED STATES: 

Boston, Mass. 

The Harding Uniform and Regalia Co., 22 School St. 

The Old Corner Book Store, Inc., 27-29 Bromfield St. 

Chicago, Ill. 

E. A. Armstrong Mfg. Co., 434-440 S. Wabash Ave. 

A. C. McClurg & Co. 

Columbus, Ohio. The M. C. Lilley & Co. 

Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 

U. S. Cavalry Association. 

Book Department, Army Service Schools. 

Fort Monroe, Va. Journal U. S. Artillery. 

Kalamazoo, Mich. Henderson-Ames Co. 

Menasha, Wis. George Banta Publishing Co. 

New York. 

Edwin N. Appleton, 1 Broadway. 

Army and Navy Cooperative Co., 16 East 42nd St. 

Henry Malkan, 42 Broadway. 

Ridabock & Co., 149 West 36th St. 

Warnock Uniform Co., 16 West 46th St. 

The Baker & Taylor Co. 

Philadelphia, Pa. Jacob Reed’s Sons, 1424 Chestnut. 

San Francisco, Cal. B. Pasquale Co., 115-117 Post St., Western 
Distributer. « 

Washington, D. C. 

Army and Navy Register, 511 Eleventh St. N. W. 

Meyer’s Military Shops, 1331 F St. N. W. 

U. S. Infantry Association, Union Trust Bldg. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Philippine Education Co., Manila, P. I. 
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Patten Co., Ltd., Honolulu, H. T. 
CANAL ZONE: Post Exchange, Empire, C. Z 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 


CHAPTER 


CHAPTER 


CHAPTER 


CHAPTER 


CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 


Pars. 

I. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL I-ID54 
EFFECTS OF OFFICERS— General 
rules and principles—Articles to be 
taken into the field—Boxes or bundles 
for carrying equipment and personal 
effects—Division of an officer’s equip¬ 
ment—Articles carried on person— 

Articles to be transported—Articles 
carried in bedding roll—Articles carried 
in clothing roll—Horse equipments— 

Field allowance of tentage—Insignia 
on collar of shirt—Personal baggage 
authorized for European service. 

II. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL 11-16*4 
EFFECTS OF ENLISTED MEN— 

Articles worn on person—Field kit— 

Surplus kit—Service kit—Surplus kit 
bags—Service uniform—Personal bag¬ 
gage authorized fqr European service. 

III. FIELD TRAINING—FIELD EFFI- 17-22 
CIENCY—F IELD EQUIPMENT— 

Field training defined—Field efficiency 
—Field service defined—Classification of 
field equipment—Articles constituting 
equipments “A,” “B,” and “C”—Orders 
for field service to designate equipment . 
to be taken. 

IV. A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 23-38 

—Rations—F o r a g e—Transportation— 

Kitchen cars—An expedient way of 
making coffee on train—Tentage—Quar¬ 
termaster—Field desk—Field .return— 
Company fund—Medicipes—Map—Sick 

and prisoners—Mess outfit—Care of 
property left behind—Officers’ mess 
chest. 

V. LOADING WAGONS. 39 

VI. TRANSPORTATION AND CARING 40-57 

FOR MEANS OF TRANSPORTA¬ 
TION —Different kinds of transporta¬ 
tion—W agon transportation—A uto 

trucks—Pack animals—Water transpor¬ 
tation— Rail Transportation: Prepara¬ 
tion of cars—Loading and entraining— 
Conduct of the troops—Detraining and 
unloading—Loading animals on cars— 
Loading ambulances on cars—Loading 


Pars. 


CHAPTER 


CHAPTER 


CHAPTER 


wagons on cars—Loading property in 
cars—Parking trains—Care of animals, 
wagons, and harness in the field— 
Animal s—Wagons—Harness—Clean¬ 
ing harness. 

VII. MARCHES —Protection—Rate of march 58-65 
—Marching c a p a c i t y—Halts—Strag¬ 
gling and elongation of column—Com¬ 
pliments—Fitting of shoes and care of 
feet—March orders for individuals. 

VIII. CAMPS —Principles governing selection 66-112 
of camp sites—Desirable camp sites— 
Undesirable camp sites—Form and di¬ 
mensions of camps—Making camp— 

Retreat—Parade ground—Camping on 
fordable stream—Windstorms—Making 
tent poles and pegs fast in loose soil— 

Trees sometimes dangerous— Impro¬ 
vised conveniences: A good camp lamp 
—A good camp candlestick—A good 
camp spoon, knife and fork—A good 
dinner plate or cooking utensil—Any old 
tin can—Frying or broiling without 
utensils—A reliable camp clock—Don’t 
spoil a good knife—To heat a tent with¬ 
out a stove—In case of fire in tent— 

To find out correctly how the winds 
blow—A good fire shovel—How to sleep 
warm—Chafing—If soaking wet—Burn 
up all kitchen and table refuse—To test 
the freshness of meats, game, etc.—For 
washing flannels and woolens—To keep 
fresh meats, game, etc.—Biscuit cutter 
and rolling pin—To cool water—Clothes 
hanger—Hot water bottle—Life preser¬ 
vers—A good camp bed for tents, or 
tent carpet—If thirsty and can’t find 
water—Lost in camp—To make a fire 
without matches—To dry inside of wet 
boots, shoes, etc.—To make a good 
camp lantern—To keep matches dry—■ 

To correctly ascertain the points of the 
compass—Bathing—Drying clothes in 
cloudy weather—Fording streams—To 
cross an unfordable stream. 

IX. CAMP SANITATION— Definition— 113-127 
Camp expedients—Latrines—Urinal tubs 
■‘—Kitchens—Kitchen pits—Incinerators 
—Drainage—Avoiding old camp sites— 
Changing camp sites—Bunks—Wood— 

Water—Rules of sanitation—Your camp, 
your home. 


CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 


CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 


Pars. 

X. CONDUCT OF TROOPS IN THE 128-131 
FIELD—General—Good order to be 
maintained and wrongs redressed— 

Redress for injury to property—General 
Pershing’s order governing conduct of 
troops in France. 

XI. INDIVIDUAL C O O K I N G—Impor- 132-151 
tance of individual cooking—Fire— 
Recipes: Meats—Fresh Vegetables— 

Hot breads—Drinks—Emergency ration. 

XII. FIELD COOKING—Suspension of 152-176 
savings privilege—Prevention of waste— 

In permanent camp—In temporary camp 
—On the march—In campaign—Field 
ranges—Installing the range—Trenching 
—Brick fire box—Reassembling for 
transportation—Remarks on handling 
the range—Army field range No. 2—To 
pack utensils and range for transporta¬ 
tion—Army field range, without alamo 
attachment—Army Field Range No 1— 

Fireless cookers—Rolling kitchens— 

Field expedients—Ice boxes—Incinera¬ 
tors—Pit for slops—Swinging cage— 

Field ovens—How to construct and 
operate a two-barrel clay oven. 

XIII. MESSING ON RAILROAD TRAINS 177-182 
—Standard kitchen car—Bills of fare— 
Suggestions to mess sergeant^-Baggage 

„ car with field range—Detachment 

kitchen car—Pintsch gas cooker. 

XIV. CARE OF THE HEALTH—Importance 183 
of good health—Rules for Care of 
Health: Care of teeth—Keep the body 

free of wastes—Keep the body clean— 

Keep the body well exercised and well 
supplied with fresh air—Give the body 
sufficient rest—Avoid exposure—Sleep¬ 
ing off the ground—Wet clothing—Food 
—Water—Avoid mosquito bites—Keep 
flies off your food—Don’t smoke on 
marches—Don’t drink alcohol—Cool off 
g r a d u a 11 y—Belly—Don’t overeat— 
Venereal diseases. 

XV. FIRST AID TO THE SICK AND 184-201 
INJURED —Main things—How to pro¬ 
ceed—Bite of dog—Bite of snake— 
Bleeding—Broken bones—Fracture of 
arm—Fracture of the forearm—Fracture 
of the thigh—Fracture of the leg—Burns 


Pars. 


CHAPTER XVI. 


CHAPTER XVII. 


CHAPTER XVIII. 


APPENDIX. 


—D r o w n i n g—Freezing—Frost-bite— 

P o i s o n—Shock—Sunstroke—Wounds 
—Fainting. 

FIELD ENGINEERING—Bridges: 202-229 
Dimensions and guard rail—Spar bridges 
—Construction of single-lock bridges— 
Construction of double-lock bridge— 
Roadway of spar bridge—Corduroy 
roads—Brush work: Fascines—Randing 
—Slewing—Pairing—Wattling—Hurdles 
—Brush revetment—Gabion making— 

Gabion revetment—Timber or pole 
revetment—Miscellaneous revetments— 

Square or reef knot—Two half hitches— 

Clove hitch—Timber hitch—Bowline— 

Sheep shank—Short splice—Long splice 
—Eye splice—Lashings: To lash a 
transom to an upright spar—Lashing 
for a pair of shears—To lash three spars 
together as for a gin or tripod—Hold¬ 
fasts. 

FIELD FORTIFICATIONS—Object— 230-260 
How these objects are accomplished— 
Classification—H a s t y intrenchments— 

Lying trench—Kneeling trench—Stand¬ 
ing trench—Deliberate intrenchments— 

Fire trenches—Traverses—Trench re¬ 
cesses; sortie steps—Parados—Notches 
and loopholes—Overhead cover—Cover 
t r e n c h e s—Dugouts—Communicating 
trenches—Lookouts—Supporting points 
—Example of trench system—Location 
—Concealment of trenches—Dummy 
trenches—Length of trench—Prepara¬ 
tion of the foreground—Revetments— 
Drainage—Water S u p p 1 y—Latrines— 
Illumination of the foreground—Tele¬ 
phones—Siege works. 

OBSTACLES—Object—Necessity for 261-280 
obstacles—Location—Kinds of obstacles: 

Abatis—Palisades—Fraises—Chevaux de 
frise—A formidable obstacle against 
cavalry—Wire entanglements—Time and 
materials—Wire Fence—Military pits or 
trous de loup—Miscellaneous barricades 
—Inundations—Obstacles in front of 
outguards—Lessons from the European 
War—Wire chevaux de frise—Guarding 
obstacles—Listening posts—Automatic 
alarms—Searchlights. 

Illustrations of a number of useful 
articles of field equipment. 


INDEX 


A 

Par. No. 


Abatis .264 

Alamo attachment .166-168 

Allowance of tentage for officers .9 

Ambulances, loading on cars .50 

ANIMALS: 

Care .55 

Loading on cars .49 

Arms and equipment of officer.5 (b) 

Auto trucks .42 


B 

BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE: 

Enlisted men .16(4 

Officers .2; 10(4 

Baggage car with field range .180 

BEDDING ROLL: 

Articles carried in .6 (a) 

Purchasable from Q. M. C.3 

Bite of dog or snake, first aid ....186 

Bleeding, first aid .187 

Bowline .221 ; 222 

Boxes or bundles for carrying 

officer’s equipment .3 

Bridges, construction .202-206 

Broken bones, first aid.188-192 

Brush work .208 

Bunks, camp .123 

Burns, first aid .193 

C 

Cage, swinging .175 

Camp expedients.77-112; 114-119 

Camp expedients connected with field 

cooking .171 

CAMPS: 

Avoiding old sites .121 

Bunks .123 

Camping on fordable stream .73 

Changing sites .122 

Drainage ..-. ... 120 

Form and dimensions of camps ....69 

Improvised conveniences.77 

Making camp .70 

Making tent poles and pegs fast in 

loose soil .75 

Parade ground .72 

Retreat .71 

Selection of sites .66-68 

Trees dangerous .76 

Water. 125 

Windstorms .74 

Wood .124 

See, “Camp Sanitation.” 

CAMP SANITATION: 

Avoiding old camp sites .121 

Bunks .123 

Camp expedients .114 

Changing camp sites.122 

Definition .113 


Par. No. 


Drainage .120 

Incinerators .119 

Kitchen pits .118 

Kitchens .117 

Latrines .115 

Rules of sanitation . ....126; 127 

Urinal tubs .116 

Water .125 

CARE OF: 

Animals .55 

Feet .64 

Health .183 


CHEVAUX DE FRISE: 

Ordinary .267 

Wire .276 

Classification of field equipment ..20; 21 
Clothing roll, articles carried in ..6(a) 

Clove hitch .219 

Coffee, making on train .27 

Collar insignia on shirt . ...10 

Communicating trenches .245 


COMPANY TAKING FIELD: 

Care of property left behind . . 
Coffee, making on train . . . 

Company fund . 

Field desk . 

Field return . 

Forage . 

Kitchen cars. 

Map . 

Medicines . 

Mess outfit, officers . 

Quartermaster . 

Rations . 

Sick and prisoners . 

Tentage . . . 

Transportation . .'.... 


....37 
....27 
....32 
....30 
,...31 
....24 
....26 
....34 
....33 
36; 38 
....29 
....23 
... .35 
....28 
....25 


Compass .5 (b) ; 7 

Compliments, none paid on marches ..63 

Conduct of troops in field .128-131 

Corduroy roads, construction .207 

Corona typewriter .(Note) 30 

Cover trenches .243 


D 

Damage to prbperty, redressing 129; 130 

Detraining .48 

Dispatch case .5 (b) 

Dog’s bite, first aid .186 

Double-lock bridge, construction ....205 

Drowning, first aid.194 

Dugouts. 244 

Dummy trenches .251 


E 

Entraining .46 

Equipment. See, “Field equipment.” 
European service, baggage allow¬ 
ance .10(4 ; 16(4 

Eye splice .225 


t 


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Par. No. 


H 


Par. No. 


F 

Fascines, construction .208 

Fainting, first aid .201 

Feet, care of .64 

Field allowance of baggage, officers ...2 

Field cooking.152 

Field desk, company ...30 

Field efficiency, organizations judged 

by .18 

Field engineering.202 


FIELD EQUIPMENT: 

Classification .20 

Enlisted men: 

European allowance .1 6 l A 

Field kit .12 

Service kit .14 

Service uniform . . ..16 

Surplus kit .13 

Surplus kit bags .IS 

Uniform, service .lb 

Worn on person .11 

Officers: 

Allowance, European .10 

Allowance, usual .2 

Arms and equipment .5 (b) 

Bedding roll, articles carried in 6 (a) 

Boxes or bundles for carrying.3 

Carried on person .5 

Clothing ....5 (a) 

Clothing roll, articles carried in 6 (a) 

Division of . 4 

General rules and principles.1 

Horse equipments .8 

Locker .3 

Ordnance that may be drawn 

.(Notes) S 

Required to have full equipment . . 1 

Shelter tent .6 (a) 

Tentage allowance .9 

To be transported .6 

Orders to designate class of equip¬ 
ment to be taken.22 

Field fortifications .230 

Field glasses .5 (b) ; 7 

Field ice boxes .172 

Field kit .12 

Field ovens .176 

Field range in baggage car .180 

Field ranges .158-168 

Field return .31 

Field service defined .19 

Field training defined .-.17 

Fireless cookers.169 

Fire, making without matches.105 

Fire trenches .237 

First aid to sick and injured .184 

Forage, in case company taking field 24 

Fording streams .Ill 

Fractures, first aid.188-192 

Fraise . 266 

Freezing, first aid .195 

Frost-bite, first aid .196 


G 

Gabion, construction .213 

General Pershing’s order governing 

conduct of troops in France ..131 


Half-hitches, two .218 

Halts on marches .61 

Harness, cleaning ..57 

Hasty intrenchments.232 

Health, care .183 

Heating tent without stove .86 

Horse equipments .8 

Hurdles, construction .210 

I 

Ice boxes, field .172 

Incinerators .119; 173 

Individual cooking .....132-151 

Insignia worn on collar of shirt.10 

Intrenchments .230 

Inundations .274 

K 

Kitchen cars .26; 177 

Kitchen pits .118 

Kitchens, camp .117 

Kits . 12-14 

Kneeling trench .234 

Knots .217 

L 

Lashings .226 

Latrines .115 

Latrines, trench.257 

Listening posts . 278 

Loading and entraining .46-53 

Loading wagons.39 

Locker for carrying field equipment ... .3 

Long splice . 224 

Lookouts .246 

Loopholes . 241 

Lost in camp .104 

Lying trench .233 

M 

Making fire without matches .105 

MARCHES: 

Compliments, none paid.63 

Halts. 61 

Marching capacity .60 

March orders for individuals .65 

Protection on march.58 

Rate of march .59 

Shoes, fitting of, and care of feet . . .64 
Straggling and elongation of column 62 

Medicines .33 

MESSING ON RAILROAD 
TRAINS: 

Baggage car with field range.180 

Bills of fare.178 

Detachment kitchen car.181 

Mess sergeant .179 

Pintsch gas cooker .182 

Standard kitchen car .177 

Mess outfit, officers’ .36; 38 

Military pits .272 

Mounted officer’s equipment .7 

N 

Nomenclature of trench .231 

Notches .241 


[8] 







































































































o 


Par. No. 


Obstacles .261 

Officers’ mess chest .38 

Orders to designate class of equip¬ 
ment to be taken .22 

Ordnance equipment that may be 

drawn by officers .(Notes) 8 

Ovens, field .176 

Overhead cover .242 

P 

Pack animals .43 

Palisade . .265 

Parados .240 

Parking trains . 53 

Pershing’s order governing conduct 

of troops in France.131 

PERSONAL EFFECTS: 

Enlisted men .11 

Officers .1 

Pintsch gas cooker .182 

Pistol ...5 (b) ; 7 

Pit for slops .174 

Poison, first aid .197 

Property, redress in case of damage 

to .129; 130 

Q 

Quartermaster, in case company 

taking field .29 

R 

Railroad trains, messing on. See, 
“Messing on railroad trains.” 

Rail transportation .45-53 

Ranges, field .158 

Rate of march . 59 

Rations, in case company taking field .23 
Redress in case of damage to prop¬ 
erty .129; 130 

Reef knot .217 

Revetment, construction ...212; 214-216 

Revetting trenches .254 

Rolling kitchens .170 

S 

Salutes, none on marches .63 

Searchlights .280 

Service kit .14 

Service uniform, enlisted men .16 

Sheep shank .222 Yi 

Shelter tents for officers .6 (a) 

Shirt collar insignia .10 

Shock, first aid .198 

Shoes, fitting .64 

Short splice .223 

Siege works .260 

Single-lock bridges, construction ....204 
Sleeping warm .90 


Par. No. 

Snake’s bite, first aid .186 

Sortie steps.239 

Spar bridges, construction .203 

Square knot .217 

Standing trench .235 

Straggling on marches.62 

Sun dial.84 

Sunstroke, first aid .199 

Supporting points .247 

Surplus kit .13 

Surplus kit bags.15 

Swinging cage .175 

T 

Telephones in trenches .259 

Tentage allowance, officers.9 

Timber hitch .220 

Trains, parking .53 

TRANSPORTATION: 

In case company taking field .25 

Kinds and care of .40 

Traverses .238 

TRENCHES: 

Communicating .245 

Concealment .250 

Cover .243 

Drainage .255 

Dummy .251 

Fire .237 

Illumination of ground .258 

Latrines .257 

Location .249 

Revetments ..254 

Telephones .259 

Trench, nomenclature.231 

Trous de loup .272 

Typewriter, Corona .(Ndte) 30 

U 

Urinal tubs .116 

V 

Venereal diseases.183 

W 

WAGONS: 

Care .56 

Loading .39 

Loading on cars .Jil 

Wagon transportation .41 

Warm, how to sleep .90 

Watch .5 (b) 

Water in camps .125 

Water transportation .44 

Whistle .5 (b) 

Wire chevaux de frise .276 

Wire entanglements.269-271 

Wood in camp .124 

Wounds, first aid .200 


L9] 

























































































1 


CHAPTER I 

EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 
OFFICERS 

1. General rules and principles. The following general rules and 
principles, based on experience, should be observed: 

(1) While, on the one hand, one should not take into the field any 
unnecessary plunder, he should, on the other hand, always make 
himself as comfortable as possible, thus husbanding his nervous 
energy and physical strength. There is no sense in a man’s subjecting 
himself to personal discomfort that can be avoided. Experience has 
shown that to undergo avoidable hardships does not enable one to 
stand unavoidable ones any better. Always make yourself as com¬ 
fortable as circumstances will permit. 

(2) Never, unless absolutely unavoidable, should you get 
separated even temporarily from your field equipment. 

(3) Every officer should have a complete field equipment, the 
articles of bedding and toilet forming a permanent part thereof and 
not being gathered together every time he is ordered into the field. 
This equipment should always be packed and ready for instant use. 
Not only does this insure the certainty of the officer having his 
equipment complete when he takes the field, especially if ordered out 
unexpectedly, but it also enables him to attend better to other matters 
that always require attention at such a time. In this connection, 
Par. 36, Uniform Regulations states: 

All officers will provide themselves with the uniforms, arms, 
and personal and horse equipments pertaining to their rank and 
duty, and maintain them thoroughly neat and serviceable. Com¬ 
manding officers will inspect and verify the arms, service uniforms, 
and field equipments of officers and enlisted men as often as they 
may deem necessary and assure themselves that all members of 
their commands are prepared to take the field upon short notice, 
fully equipped and uniformed. 

(4) Upon returning from field service, the equipment should 
always be given a thorough overhauling, being cleaned and sunned, 
the various articles being checked up and all that are worn or 
exhausted, replaced at once. 

(A list of the articles belonging in the bedding roll should be 
pasted in some appropriate place on the interior of the roll. The 


[ill 


2-3-4 

same should be done in the case of the clothing roll and the trunk 
locker, thus facilitating the checking.) 

2. Articles to be taken into the field. The Tables of Organization 
fix the field baggage allowance of an officer at 50 pounds. 1 Just what 
articles of equipment and personal effects should, within the limits of 
the authorized baggage allowance, be taken into the field, in addition 
to those that an officer is required to carry, will, of course, depend 
upon circumstances, including personal taste, kind and amount of 
transportation available, the nature and probable duration of service, 
and climatic conditions. 


3. Boxes or bundles for carrying equipment and personal effects. 

The personal baggage of officers when taking the field will be packed 
in boxes or bundles conforming to descriptions as follows: 

(1) A box made of three-ply veneer covered with vulcanized fiber, 
32 inches by 19 inches by 13 inches over all. Handles to be of leather 
and all hinges, locks, and handles to be as flat as possible so as not to 
interfere with proper packing in wagons. 

Any suitable equivalent, such as the Army trunk locker, a telescope, 
or leather trunk, conforming to the prescribed dimensions and weight 
and free from projecting parts, is authorized. 

(2) A canvas roll, the bundle not to exceed 39 inches in length 
and 21 inches in diameter. 

(3) Canvas bedding rolls for use in the field, as contemplated 
herein, made in accordance with the sealed pattern in the office of 
the Quartermaster General of the Army, will be kept on hand by the 
Quartermaster Corps for sale to officers. (Par. 318, War Department 
Compilation of General Orders, Circulars and Bulletins.) 


4. Division of an officer’s equipment. An officer’s field equipment 
may be divided as follows: 


( 1 ) 

( 2 ) 

(3) 


What is carried on his person 


\ (a) 

\(b) 


Clothing. 

Arms and equipment. 


What is transported 
Horse equipments. 


((a) In campaign or on the march. 
I (b) For permanent camp. 
(Mounted officers only.) 


1 In case of captains and lieutenants, the tentage allowance of 1 shelter tent 
(mounted) is not included in these 50 pounds,—that is, the allowance is 50 pounds, 
not including the shelter tent, which, in the case of company officers, forms a part of 
and is carried with, the company baggage. (Page 10, Tables of Organization; and 
page 113, G. O. 39/15.) 


[12] 



5 


DISMOUNTED OFFICERS 
5. (1) Carried on person 

(The authority requiring an article is given in every case. The 
articles suggested are so indicated. The Uniform Regulations are 
abbreviated, “U. R.” The articles suggested are given as a sort of 
aide-memoire ,—a kind of guide,—those to be taken along depending 
upon personal taste and other considerations.) 

(a) Clothing. 

1 Breeches, pr. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544; U. R., pg. 51). 

1 Drawers, pr. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544; U. R. par. 50). 

1 Gloves, Woolen O. D., pr. (When prescribed.) (U. R., pg. 51.) 

Riding gloves for mounted officers (G. O. 39/15, pg. 540). 

1 Hat, service, with cord (U. R., pg. 51). 

1 Handkerchief (Suggested). 

1 Leggings, pr.,' leather or canvas; woolen puttees (U. R., pg. 51). 

1 Overcoat (If ordered). [U. R., par. 92 (a) (b)] (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544, 
winter use.) 

1 Shirt, O. D. (U. R., pg. 51; G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). 

1 Shoes, pr., tan marching (U. R., pg. 51; G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). 

1 Stockings, pr. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545; G. O. 26/12, woolen). 

1 Undershirt (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545; U. R., par. 50). 

1 Waist belt (When O. D. shirt is worn without coat, U. R., par. 113; 
G. O. 39/15, pg. 544). 

Note. The field and staff officers may wear boots and spurs instead of leggins. 

[U. R.. par. 60 (a).] 

(b) Arms and Equipment 

1 Canteen (U. R., pg. 51 and 66). When dismounted, to be worn fastened 
to belt on the right buttock; when mounted, to be fastened (with strap) 
to the off cantle ring. (U. R., par. 63.) 

1 Canteen cover (U. R., pg. 51). 

21 Cartridges, ball, pistol (U. R., pg. 52). 7 are carried in the magazine in 

the pistol and 7 in each of the two extra magazines. 

1 Compass (U. R., pg. 51 and 66). For officers serving with troops and all 
others when their duties may require their use. Chaplains will not be 
required to provide themselves with the compass. Medical officers will 
not be required to provide themselves with compasses, but medical 
officers on duty with sanitary units in the field will carry a compass. 
(U. R., note, pg. 67.) 

1 Cup (U. R., pg. 51). Carried on bottom of canteen in canteen cover. 

1 Dispatch case (U. R., par. 71). For staff officers and those acting as 
such, whose duty may require them to use a dispatch case. They are 
obtainable from the Ordnance Department on memorandum receipt. 
(U. R„ par. 71.) 

6 Envelopes, field message (Suggested). 

1 Fork (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). When dismounted, to be carried in the 
haversack; when mounted, to be carried in the near-side saddle bag 
or off-side pommel pocket. (U. R., par. 38.) 

1 Field glasses (U. R., pgs. 52 and 66). Chaplains will not be required to 
provide themselves with field glasses. (U. R., note, pg. 67.) Medical 
officers will not be required to provide themselves with field glasses, but 
medical officers on duty with sanitarv units in the field will carry field 
glasses. (U. R., note, pg. 67.) Fiela glasses are carried when equipped 
for the field, and are worn on the right side, the strap passing over 
the left shoulder. An excellent field glass. Type EE, 6-power, price 
$36.25, can be purchased from the Signal Corps. Application for 
purchase should be made to the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, 
Washington, D. C., and should be accompanied by Form No. 240, 
Signal Corps, properly accomplished, and postal money order payable 


[13] 


to the Disbursing Officer, Signal Corps, U. S. Army. In the Philippines, 
application should be made to the Department Signal Officer. 

1 First-aid packet and pouch (U. R., pgs. 52 and 66). Worn with the 

pistol belt, on the left hip, just back of the seam of the breeches. 

(U. R„ par. 74.) 

1 Haversack and pack carrier (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). Wlien dismounted, 
the new model haversack is carried on the back and the old model 
is worn on the left side, the strap passing over the right shoulder; 
when mounted, saddlebags, or pommel pockets and ration bags are 

carried instead. (U. R., par. 78.) 

1 Identification tag (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). When equipped for field 

duty the identification tag is worn under the shirt, suspended from 
a cord around the neck. (U. R., par. 79.) 

1 Knife, mess (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). When dismounted, to be carried in 
the haversack; when mounted, to be carried in the near-side saddle bag 
or off-side pommel pocket. (U. R., par. 88.) 

1 Knife, pocket (Suggested). 

2 Magazines (U. R. pg. 53, authority inferred). Carried in magazine pocket. 

1 Magazine pocket, web, double (U. R., par. 74). When the pistol belt is 

worn with the field equipment, the magazine pocket, web, double, will 
be worn in front of the left hip. (U. R., par. 74.) 

Matches (Suggested). 

1 Meat can (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). When dismounted, to be carried in 
the haversack; when mounted, to be carried in the near-side saddle bag 
or off-side pommel pocket. (U. R., par. 88.) 

Money (Suggested). (Under certain conditions, also check book, or a 
few blank checks.) 

1 Note book (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). (Message pad suggested.) Pencils 
(U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). (1 lead with eraser on one end, and oi^e 

indelible, suggested.) 

1 Pistol (U. R., pgs. 52 and 66). The pistol is worn when equipped for field 
service by veterinarians and all officers, except chaplains and officers 
of the Medical Department. However, whenever necessary for personal 
protection, medical officers may carry pistols. The pistol is worn 
on the right hip. (U. R., par. 95.) 

1 Pistol belt (U. R., pgs. 52 and 66). To be worn outside the coat or 
overcoat. (U. R., par. 95.) General officers, officers of the Staff 
Corps and Departments and Cavalry officers wear the officers’ leather 
waist belt with magazine pocket and necessary leather slides for 
first-aid packet pouch, for the canteen, and for the pistol holster. 
Officers of Infantry, Field Artillery, Engineers, Coast Artillery, and 
Signal Corps, wear the web pistol belt, model of 1912. (U. R., note, 

pg. 66.) 

1 Pistol holster (U. R., pgs. 52 and 66). 

1 Spoon (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). When dismounted, to be carried 
in the haversack; when mounted, to be carried in the near-side saddle 
bag or off-side pommel pocket. (U. R., par. 88.) 

1 Watch (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). (Wrist watch is suggested as being by 
far the most satisfactory for field service. The “D-D” Khaki Watch, 
manufactured by Jacques Depollier & Son, 15 Maiden Lane, New York, 
and sold by leading watch jewelers, is recommended. It is probably 
the best wrist watch on the market today.) 

1 Whistle (U. R., pgs. 51 and 66). Carried by all company officers, battalion 
commanders and battalion adjutants when equipped for field service. 
There are three types of whistle, as follows: The “Siren” for the 
Battalion Group, consisting of major, battalion adjutant, and battalion 
sergeant major of Infantry and Cavalry; the “Kinglet” for the Com¬ 
pany Commander Group, consisting of captain and two buglers; the 
“Thunderer” for the Platoon Leader Group, consisting of lieutenants 
and sergeants. (U. R., note, pg. 66, as amended.) 

(2) To be transported 

ote. The division of articles indicated below between the bedding roll and the 

clothing roll is merely a suggestion.) 


6 (contd.) 


(a) In campaign or on the march 

1 BEDDING ROLL, CANVAS (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544). Should be marked 
with name, and rank of owner. The bedding adopted by the Quarter¬ 
master Corps or any other canvas roll may be used as a combination 
bedding-clothing roll. The Quartermaster Corps bedding and clothing 
rolls may be purchased from the Depot Quartermaster, 26th St. and 
Grays Ferry Road, Philadelphia, Pa., at the prices specified in the 
Annual Price List of Clothing and Equipage. Bedding roll to contain 
the following articles: 

1 Bag barrack (Optional). (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544.) 

1 Basin, canvas (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544). 

1 Blanket (U. R., pg. 66; G. O. 39/15, pg. 544). 

1 Bed sack (Optional). (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544.) 

1 Bucket, canvas (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544). See page 175. 

1 Coat, 0. D., service (If prescribed). (U. R., pg. 51.) 

1 Headnet, mosquito. (Only when specially ordered.) (G. O. 39/15, pg. 
545.) 

1 Lantern, folding (or combination) (G. Q. 39/15, pg. 545). Or (suggested) 
an acetylene lamp The Columbia Watchman’s Lamp (Pinkerton 
Model), manufactured by the Hine-Watt Mfg. Co., 16 East Randolph 
St., Chicago, Ill., is recommended. Price, $3.50; with dark lantern 
shutter, $4.50. See page 175. If acetylene lanm is carried, a can or 
two of carbide must be taken along.. 

1 Mosquito bar (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). 

1 Night cap, woolen (Suggested). (For use in cold weather. See, 
“Sweater.”) 

1 Pillow, with colored case (Suggested). 

*2 polls Shelter tent | ( ' For officers below the rank of major only.) • (G. O. 
39/15, pg. 545.) 

1 Poncho (For dismounted officer). (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546.) (Rubber cape 
or coat is suggested instead.) 

Rope (Suggested). (A piece of ^4-inch rope about 15 feet long, with ends 
tied to upright poles, about a foot below the ridge pole, is a great 
convenience for hanging clothes.) 

1 Shelter tent mounted pattern (For each officer below the grade of major, 
only). (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546.) Shelter tents may be drawn on 
memorandum receipt from the quartermaster. (Decision T. A. G., Bui. 
15/17.) Shelter tents will be carried as baggage in addition to the 
50 pounds allowed each officer. (Tables of Organization, 1914, page 
10 .) 

1 Shoes, pr„ tan (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545.) 

1 Sleeping pad (light mattr.ess) (Suggested). See page 175. 

1 Slicker (for each mounted officer) (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

1 Slippers, pr., or preferably “Romeos.” (Suggested.) (A great convenience 
and comfort in camp.) 

Stationery (Suggested). [Blotter; envelopes, official and ordinary; fountain 
pen; bottle of ink, in wooden tube with screw top (Waterman’s Ink 
recommended); scratch pad; paper; pencils; shipping tags; stamps or 
stamped envelopes.] 

Sweater (suggested). In cold weather it is most important both for 
comfort and health that the extremities (hands, feet and head) be 
kept warm at night. A sweater with rolling collar, a pair of heavy 
woolen socks and a woolen knitted night cap, are excellent for this 
purpose, being equivalent to two or three blankets. 

1 CLOTHING ROLL (U. R., pg. 66; G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). See remark after, 
“Bedding roll.” Should be marked with name and rank of owner. 
May be carried in bedding roll or separately. To contain the following 
articles! 

1 Breeches, pr. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544). 

1 Brush, hair (Suggested). 

1 Brush, shaving (Suggested). 

1 Brush, tooth (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

6 Candles (Suggested). If candles are carried instead of folding lantern or 
acetylene lamp, then camp candle sticks should be carried. See 
page 175. 

1 Cards, playing, pack (Suggested, if desired). 


[15] 


6 (contd.) 


1 


3 
1 

4 
1 
1 
1 
6 
1 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
6 

1 

1 

1 


Comb (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

Diary (Suggested). (Some officers make it a rule always to keep a diary 
while in the field. It is very convenient to refer to afterwards as 
to dates of various happenings.) 

Drawers, prs. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545; U. R., par. 50.) 

Foot powder (G. O. 26/12). 

Handkerchiefs (Suggested). 

Housewife (Suggested). See page 175. 

Laces, shoe, tan, pr. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). An extra pair is suggested 
Listerine, small bottle (Suggested). 

Matches, boxes (Suggested). 

Mirror (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). (Metal mirror suggested.) 

Note book (U. R., pg. 51). 

Pajamas, prs. (Suggested). 

Pencils (L. R., pg. 51). 

Razor (Suggested). 

Razor strop (Suggested). 

Safety pins, large (Suggested). (In addition to those in housewife. 

Large safety pins are very useful in camp.) 

Shaving stick (or powder) (Suggested). 

Shirt, O. D. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). 

Soap box (Suggested). 



Fig. 1 

Officer’s Clothing Roll Ready for Transportation as a Handbag or 

in the Bedding Roll 


1 Soap, cake (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

6 Stockings, prs. (U. R., par. 50; woolen, G. O. 26/12; G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). 
1 Talcum powder (Suggested). 

Tobacco (Suggested). 

Toilet paper, 1 package (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546.) 

1 Tooth powder (or paste) (Suggested). 

1 Towel, bath (Suggested). 

3 Towels, face (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

3 Undershirts (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545; U. R., par. 50). 

2 Wash rags (Suggested). 

(b) For permanent camp (in addition to articles already listed) 

Bath tub, rubber or canvas (Suggested). See page 175. 

1 Blanket (G. O. 39/15, pg. 544.) 

Books, professional (Suggested). 

1 Breeches, pr. (Suggested). 

1 Chair (or more) (Suggested). (Mark with name and regiment. See 
page 175. 

1 Clothes hanger, which can be attached to tent pole. See page 175. 
(Suggested.) 

T Cot G. M. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). 

3 Drawers, pi*s. (Suggested). 


[16] 






6 (contd.) 



Fig. 2 

Officer’s Clothing Roll Hung on Tent Pole, Affording Ready Access 
to Articles it Contains 


[171 



7-8 


6 Handkerchiefs (.Suggested). 

1 Oil stove (Suggested). (For use in cold weather.) 

1 Overcoat (if not worn) (Suggested). 

1 Laces, shoe, extra pair (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546), 

1 Leggins, pr. (Suggested). 

1 Locker (G. O. 39/15, pg. 545). (Mark with name and rank.) 

2 Sheets, bed (Suggested). 

1 Shirt, O. D. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

1 Stockings, pr. (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

1 Table, camp (Suggested). (Mark with name and rank. See page 175.) 

2 Towels, bath (Suggested). 

1 Undershirt (G. O. 39/15, pg. 546). 

1 Whisk broom (Suggested). 

(Note. Should the transportation be so limited as to prohibit the use of the 
bedding roll, a blanket or two, with the necessary clothing and toilet articles 
may be packed in the clothing roll, or other suitable piece of canvas, and the 
bedding roll with surplus articles left behind.) 

MOUNTED OFFICERS 

7. Arms. Same as for dismounted officers, except that chaplains 
are not required to have the pistol and ammunition. 

Medical officers and dental surgeons will not be required to pro¬ 
vide themselves with pistols and ammunition, but they may carry same 
when necessary for personal protection. 

Personal equipment. Same as for dismounted officers, omitting 
haversack and pack carrier; also, poncho, substituting therefor slicker. 

Chaplains will not be required to provide themselves with compass, 
field glass, and pistol belt. 

Medical officers and dental surgeons will not be required to provide 
themselves with field glasses, compass, and pistol, but medical officers 
on duty with sanitary units in the field will carry field glass and 
compass. (U. R., pg. 67.) 


S. Horse Equipments 


(U. R., pgs. 

New Model Equipments —i 

1 Bridle 
1 Cooling Strap 
1 Carrier Strap 
1 Currycomb 
1 Feed bag 
1 Grain bag 
1 Halter, stable 
1 Horse brush 

1 Horse cover (blanket lined when re¬ 
quired) 

1 Lariat 

16 Nails, horseshoe (to be carried on 
mount. G. O. 39/15) 

1 Picket pin 

1 Picket pin carrier, special pair 
1 Pommel pocket, officer’s 
1 Ration bags, pair 
1 Saddle, officer’s 


51 and 68.) 

»r— '''• Old Model Equipments 

1 Bridle 

1 Bridle, watering (issued only with curb 
bridle M. 1902) 

1 Currycomb 
1 Feed bag 
1 Grain bag 
1 Halter, complete 
1 Horse brush 

1 Horse cover (blanket lined when re¬ 
quired) 

1 Lariat 
1 Lariat strap 
1 Link 

16 Nails, horseshoe (to be carried on 
mount. G. O. 39/15) 

1 Picket pin 

1 Saddle (McLellan or Whitman) 

1 Saddlebags, pair 


[18] 


9-10 


New Model Equipments—Continued 

1 Saddle blanket 

2 Saddlecloths, officer’s (with insignia) 
2 Shoes, horse (fitted and numbered; to 

be carried on mount) (G. O. 39/15) 
1 Spurs, pair 


Note. 1. 


Old Model Equipments—Continued 

1 Saddle blanket 

2 Saddlecloths, officer’s (with insignia) 
2 Shoes, horse (fitted and numbered; to 

be carried on mount) (G. O. 39/15) 
1 Surcingle 
1 Spurs, pair 

For articles that officers may draw from the ordnance for their official use, 
see A. R. 1522, and G. O. 24, W. D., 1914. Dispatch cases for those 
required to have them, are issued as indicated in U. R., par. 71, pg. 34. 

Officers below the grade of major, required to be mounted, may be furnished 
with horse equipments by the Ordnance Department. (A. R. 1520.) 


9. Field allowance of tentage. Each field officer is allowed 1 
small pyramidal tent, and each captain, and each lieutenant, 1 shelter 
tent, (mounted, complete). In the case of company officers the shelter 
tents are carried with the company baggage, G. O. 39/15, allowing 3 
to each company. 

10. Insignia on collar of shirt. When the olive drab shirt is worn 
without the coat, insignia will be worn on the collar as follows: 


(1) REGULAR SERVICE 

Colonel. —On the right side, in the middle of the collar, the letters 
“U. S.” and an eagle, beak to the front; the letters “U. S.” to be one 
inch from end of collar. On the left side, in the middle of the collar, 
and one inch from the end, the insignia of corps, department, or arm 
of service. 

Lieutenant colonel .— On the right side, in the middle of the collar, the 
one inch from the end of the collar. On the left side, in the middle 
of the collar, and one inch from the end, the insignia of corps, depart¬ 
ment, or arm of service. 

Major. —Same as lieutenant colonel (substituting “a gold oak leaf”). 

Captain .— Same as lieutenant colonel (substituting “two bars, one- 
fourth inch apart and parallel to the end of the collar”). 

First lieutenant .— Same as lieutenant colonel (substituting “one bar 
parallel to the end of the collar”). 

Second lieutenant .— On the right side, in the middle of the collar, and 
one inch from the end, the letters “U. S.” On the left side, in the 
middle of the collar, and one inch from the end, the insignia of corps, 
department, or arm of service. 

(2) NATIONAL GUARD SERVICE 

Same as for officers of the regular service, except that the letters— 
not to exceed four—forming the abbreviation of the name of the State, 
Territory, or District of Columbia will be substituted for the letters 
letters “U. S.” and a silver oak leaf, point up; the letters “U. S.” to be 
“U. S.” 


[19] 


10 54 

(3) VOLUNTEERS OR OFFICERS’ RESERVE CORPS 

Same as for officers of the regular service, except that the letters 
“U. S. R.” will be substituted for the letters “U. S.” 

10y 2 . Personal baggage authorized for European service. Until 
further orders officers designated for duty with the expeditionary 
forces in Europe may take with them to the Port of Debarkation the 
following personal baggage: 

(a) Officers above grade of captain: The held allowance given in 
paragraph 1136, 1 Army Regulations. This allowance shall include equip¬ 
ment “C” (par. 20 ), professional books and all necessary clothing and 
bedding for extended field service. 

(b) Officers below grade of major, contract surgeons, acting dental 
surgeons, and veterinarians: Three hundred and fifty pounds. This 
allowance shall include equipment “C” (exclusive. of horse equipment), 
professional books, and all necessary clothing and bedding for extended 
field service. 

(c) The standard trunk lockers and bedding rolls or their equiva¬ 
lent in similar containers, are authorized as containers for personal 
baggage. (Instructions, A. G. O., June 25, 1917.) 

(d) Forwarding and marking baggage. G. O. No. 75, War Dept., 
June 23, 1917, states: An officer ordered for duty in Europe will not 
disclose to any unauthorized person the name of the ship upon which 
he is to sail or the date of sailing. All personal baggage forwarded 
to a point of embarkation for oversea shipment will be addressed in 
care of the quartermaster at that port and information furnished the 
quartermaster of the disposition to be made of it. In marking the 
baggage there must be nothing to indicate the name of the vessel upon 
which it is to be shipped or the date of sailing. 

1 These allowances are: Field officer, 400 lbs.; brigadier general, 700 lbs.; major 
general, 1000 lbs.; lieutenant general, 1500 lbs. 


[201 


11 - 12 - 13 - 14-15 


CHAPTER II 


EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 
ENLISTED MEN 


11 . Worn on person. The articles of clothing worn, and the 
articles of equipment carried by enlisted men, are given in the Uniform 
Regulations, G. O. 39/15, and the Unit Equipment Accountability' 
Manuals of the various arms. 

12 . Field kit. The “field kit,” clothing component, for all arms 
and branches of the service, in addition to the clothing worn on the 
person is composed of the following-named articles: 


2 stockings, prs. 

1 tooth brush 
1 towel 
1 undershirt 

1 housewife (for one man of each 
squad) 


‘surplus 


1 blanket 
1 comb 
1 drawers, pr. 

1 poncho (dismounted men) 

1 slicker (mounted men) 

1 soap, cake 

The field kit is carried on the person. 

13. Surplus kit. The field kit is supplemented by the 
kit,” which is composed of the following-named articles: 

1 breeches, pr. 2 stockings, prs. 

1 drawers, pr. 1 shoe laces, extra pair 

1 shirt, olive drab 1 undershirt 

1 shoes, fusset leather, pr. 

The surplus kit pertains to equipment “B” (see Chapter III), as 
part of the permanent camp equipment, to be forwarded to troops 
when serving in instruction, maneuver, mobilization, or concentration 
camps, or when in active service a temporary suspension of operations 
permits the troops to refit. In peace-time maneuvers and marches the 
surplus kit may accompany the troops, if so directed in the orders 
prescribing the movement. 

14. Service kit. The field kit and the surplus kit make up the 
clothing component of the “service kit.” 

15. Surplus kit bags. Surplus kit bags are issued to each organi¬ 
zation at the rate of one to each squad, one for the sergeants and one 


[ 21 ] 


15 (contd.) 

for the cooks, and buglers, and one for every eight men of detach¬ 
ments. 

Each bag is marked with the letter of the company and the number 
of the regiment, as provided in paragraph 295, Army Regulations, for 
haversacks, and the proper designation of the squads to which the 
bags belong", both markings being in center of front cover flap, as 
shown in the following illustration: 



Fig. 3 

The kit bag for the sergeants and that for the cooks and buglers 
is marked “Sergeants,” “Cooks and Buglers,” respectively. Similarly, 
the kit bags for detachments are appropriately marked. 

The kit of each man is packed as follows: 

Stockings to be rolled tightly, one pair in the toe of each shoe; 
shoes placed together, heels at opposite ends, soles outward, wrapped 
tightly in underwear, and bundle securely tied around the middle by 
the extra pair of the shoe laces, each bundle to be tagged with the 
company number of the owner. These individual kits are packed in the 
surplus kit bag in two layers of four kits each, the breeches and olive- 
drab shirts to be neatly folded and packed on the top and sides 
of the layers, the jointed cleaning rod and case, provided for each 
squad, being attached by the thongs on the inside of the bag. 


[ 22 ] 












16 - 16*4 

In garrison, the surplus kit articles are not required to be kept 
habitually packed and stored, or kept apart from the rest of a soldier’s 
belongings. The soldier should have the clothing component of the 
service kit. Surplus kits are packed only when commanders require 
it to be done. 

Organization commanders are required to keep on hand a sufficient 
supply of surplus kit bags, marked as prescribed above, but unpacked. 

16 . Service Uniform 

(From page 62, Uniform Regulations) 


Occasions 


For field duty. 


All enlisted men 


When dismounted, 


When mounted. 


Articles 


A 

1. Service hat, with hat cord sewed 


2. 

(peaked, 4 indentations). 
Olive-drab shirt. 


3. 

Service coat. 


4. 

Service breeches. 


5. 

Marching shoes. 


6. 

Leggings. 


7. 

Identification tag. 


8. 

Brassards, by those entitled to wear 

them. 

9. 

Ribbons by those entitled thereto. 

(Rib- 


bons will not be worn on the 

olive- 

10. 

drab shirt.) 

Olive-drab woolen gloves, when 

pre- 


scribed (optional when not on 

duty). 

11. 

Field belt. 


B 

Same as A, omitting “10, Olive-drab 


woolen gloves,” and adding: 



Regulation riding gloves, when prescribed. 
Spurs. 


NOTES 

1. With dismounted service uniform, in the field, noncommissioned staff officers 
will carry the pistol instead of the saber. (Page 62, Note 6, Uniform Regulations.) 

2. Distinctive marks awarded for excellence in marksmanship, the aviator’s badge, 
and the swordsman’s badge will not be worn in the field. (Par. 58-e, Uniform 
Regulations.) 

3. When the olive-drab shirt is worn without the coat, except when the coat 
is only temporarily removed, the chevrons will be worn on the sleeves of the shirt by 
noncommissioned officers, and the button insignia will be worn on the collar by all 
enlisted men, in the manner prescribed for the service coat. (Par. 82, Uniform 
Regulations.) 

16^4- Personal baggage authorized for European service. Until 

further orders troops designated for duty with the expeditionary 


[ 23 ] 
















16^4 (contd.) 

forces in Europe may take with them to the Port of Debarkation the 
following personal baggage: 

(a) Noncommissioned officers of and above the grade of color 
sergeant and civilian employees of the classified service: Such clothing 
and personal effects as can be contained in one trunk locker or other 
container of equivalent capacity and not exceeding one hundred and 
fifty pounds in weight. This allowance shall be in addition to equip¬ 
ment “C,” and shall include, with equipment “C,” all necessary cloth¬ 
ing and bedding for extended field service. 

(b) Enlisted men below grade of color sergeant and civilian em¬ 
ployees not in the classified service: Such clothing and personal effects 
as can be contained in one barrack bag or its equivalent, and not exceed¬ 
ing seventy-five pounds in weight. This allowance shall be in addition 
to equipment “C,” and shall include, with equipment “C,” all necessary 
clothing and bedding for extended field service. (Instructions, A. G. O., 
June 25, 1917.) 


17 - 18 - 19-20 


CHAPTER III 

♦ 

FIELD TRAINING—FIELD EFFICIENCY—FIELD 
EQUIPMENT 

17. Field training defined. Field training embraces especially: 
Range practice; field firing exercises with service ammunition; field 
fortifications, including the reconnaissance and selection of positions, 
and the actual construction of appropriate intrenchments: the service 
of security and information (Field Service Regulations); marches and 
convoys; maintenance of communication between the elements of a 
command by signals and by messenger; the care of men and animals, 
including the preparation and service of food, shelter, and the service 
of sanitation and supply; the passage of obstacles; night operations; 
map making in accordance with the needs of the arm of service con¬ 
cerned; swimming of horses and men, to include swimming with arms 
and equipment under proper precautions as to safety; packing and 
exercises in the solution of transportation problems; the drafting of 
orders and messages as incidents of the above exercises; combat and 
field exercises, first of a simple nature but gradually becoming more 
and more comprehensive, passing to the larger units and involving 
combined operations and operations with the Organized Militia. (Par. 
5, G. O. 17/13.) 

18. Field efficiency. The excellence of an organization is judged 
by its field efficiency. The field efficiency of an organization depends 
primarily upon its effectiveness as a whole. Thoroughness and uni¬ 
formity in the training of the units of an organization are indis¬ 
pensable to the efficiency of the whole; it is by such means alone 
that the requisite teamwork may be developed. (Par. 2, Infantry 
Drill Regulations.) 

19. Field service defined. Field service is defined to be service 
in mobilization, concentration, or maneuver camps, as well as service 
in campaign, in simulated campaign, or on the march. (Par. 319, 
Compilation, War Department Orders.) 

20. Classification of field equipment. The complete equipment 
for field service (equipment “C”) consists of engineer, ordnance, signal, 


[ 25 ] 


21-22 

medical, and quartermaster property, and is divided into two classes, 
“A” and “B ” 

Equipment “A” Equipment “A” is the equipment prescribed for 
use in campaign, in simulated campaign, or on lire march. It is 
limited to the animals and vehicles prescribed in the Tables of Organi¬ 
zation, the equipment and clothing worn on the person, and the 
articles carried on mount, and transportated in field, combat, and 
divisional trains. (Par. 319, Compilation, War Department Orders.) 

Equipment “B" Equipment “B” is the equipment which, in addi¬ 
tion to equipment “A,” is prescribed for the use of troops in mobiliza¬ 
tion, concentration, instruction, or maneuver camps and during such 
pauses in operations against an enemy as permit the better care of 
troops. (Par. 319, Compilation, War Department Orders.) 

Equipment “C” Equipment “C” is the sum of equipment “A” and 
“B,” and therefore includes every article prescribed for field service, as 
defined above. (Par. 319, Compilation, War Department Orders.) 

21. Articles constituting equipments “A,” “B,” and “C.” The 
articles of engineer, ordnance, and signal property listed in the several 
Unit Accountability Equipment Manuals belong to equipment “A.” 

The articles of medical property belonging to equipment “A” are 
shown in the Manual for the Medical Department. 

The articles of quartermaster property belonging to equipment 
“A,” “B,” and “C,” respectively, are shown in Equipment Tables, 
Quartermaster Supplies, published in G. O. 39/15. (Par. 319, Compila¬ 
tion, War Department Orders.) 

22. Orders for field service to designate equipment to be taken. 

When troops are ordered on field service, instructions will state the 
letter designation of the equipment to be taken. The instructions will 
also specify whether mosquito bars and head nets are to form a part 
of the equipment, and what winter articles, if any, are to be included. 
The same rule will apply in the issuance of subsequent orders when 
necessary. Articles distinctively for winter use can be transported 
as baggage on the march only when transportation in addition to 
that prescribed in equipment “A” is provided for that purpose. In 
addition to the allowances prescribed as the field equipments, service 
coats, cravats, fatigue clothing, and other articles of uniform, extra 
bedding, and toilet articles may be taken by officers and enlisted men 
with equipment “B,” when authorized in orders directing the move¬ 
ment of troops. (Par. 319, Compilation, War Department Orders.) 


[ 26 ] 


23-24 


CHAPTER IV 


A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 


Under ordinary circumstances, a company commander receiving 
orders to take the field with only his company, should at once make 
the following preparations regarding rations, forage, transportation, 
equipage, blanks in field desk, etc.: 1 

23. Ratiqns. After you know how many days’ rations are to be 
taken, consult the first sergeant and the mess sergeant *as to what 
articles of the ration should be taken. If there is sufficient trans¬ 
portation, soft bread should, as a rule, be taken for the first two days. 

The rations should be drawn and taken to the company as soon 
as practicable, so as to be on hand and properly packed in ample 
time to be loaded when the transportation reports. The mess sergeant 
should be charged with looking after the rations. 

If fresh meat and fresh bread, or any other components of the 
ration, are to be shipped to you from your permanent station after 
your departure, arrange in person with the quartermaster all details 
connected with the matter. 

If, before returning, rations are to be drawn from some other 
quartermaster, do not fail to get before you leave your ration certificate 
(Form No. 42, Q. M. C.) from the quartermaster from whom you last 
drew rations. 

24. Forage. The forage ration consists of: 


Mule 


Horse 


14 lbs. hay 

9 lbs. oats, corn, or barley 


14 lbs. hay 

12 lbs. oats, corn, or barley 


However, it is possible to cut down this amount, especially when 
the grazing is good. As a rule, teamsters are prone to carrying too 
much forage. The amount of forage to be taken will depend upon the 


1 The order directing a company to take the field should make provision for 
medical attendance and supplies, and state the kind of equipment to be taken, the 
number of rations, the amount and kind of tentage, the time of departure, the probably 
duration of absence and the nature of the duty to be performed. If the order does 
not give this information, the company commander should obtain it by inquiry from 
proper authority. 


[ 27 ] 



25-26-27 

facilities for getting forage after you leave, the amount of trans¬ 
portation available for carrying forage, and other considerations. 

25. Transportation. Arrange with the quartermaster about the 
details of your transportation. 

If you are to have only wagon transportation, have it report to 
you in advance for your careful personal inspection of wagon, harness, 
and animals. 

If rail or water transportation is to be furnished, obtain the 
necessary transportation request from the quartermaster. 

If the command is supplied with cooked or travel rations, and it is 
impracticable to cook coffee en route, the company commander may 
get funds from the quartermaster for the purchase of liquid coffee, 
at the rate of 21 cents a day for each man for the actual number of 
days traveled, the money being accounted for on Form No. 372, W. D., 
the vouchers thereto being Form No. 19, Q. M. C. 

If rail transportation is furnished, the cars must be inspected 
before the troops embark, and also after they disembark, and their 
condition noted. 

26. Kitchen cars. In movements by rail of a command consist¬ 
ing of 30 or more men, when special train service is provided, and the 
time required for the journey will exceed 48 hours, the Quartermaster 
Corps, when practicable, furnishes kitchen tourist cars at the rate of 
one for each 200 men or fraction thereof, and also arranges for a 
sufficient number of tables. This kitchen car is in charge of a mess 
officer designated by the commanding officer. (G. O. 218, ’09; also, 
G. O. 34, TO.) 

27. An expedient way of making coffee on train. In case troops 
traveling by rail are not provided with a kitchen car, piping hot coffee 
of an excellent quality may be furnished the command in this manner: 
Let the quartermaster take along the proper amount of ground coffee; 
put about two inches of the coffee into an ordinary G. I. bucket or 
camp kettle; add sugar, and then pour in enough cold water to dampen 
the mixture. It is not at all necessary, but the coffee may be in a 
loose sack; or, a piece of cheese cloth may be tied loosely over the top 
of the kettle. When the train stops about meal time, at a water tank 
or station, a detail of soldiers, assembled on a forward platform, rush 
out to the locomotive and, from the injector exhaust in the cab, or from 
the boiler exhaust-hole below, steam is turned into the kettles. 


[ 28 ] 


28-29 

128. Tentage. As soon as you get the order directing your 
company to take the field, if pyramidal tents are to be taken, have 
them pitched without delay for inspection. 

29. Quartermaster. If necessary, detail one of the lieutenants 
to act as quartermaster. 

If wood and forage are to be purchased, camp sites to be rented, 
and other expenses incurred, the necessary arrangements must be 
made as to funds and blanks. 

All vouchers for rent of camping ground must show the time the 
ground was occupied (for example, from July 1 to July 4, inch, 1917). 

The blank forms that an acting quartermaster should carry into 
the field will depend, amongst other things, on the duration and 
nature of the service. 

In the case of an ordinary practice march, where provisions are 
carried with the command or are shipped from the post, and when 
arrangement has been made with the post quartermaster for the pay¬ 
ment of vouchers covering supplies purchased and services procured 
on the march, the following blank forms will usually suffice: 

Q. M. C. 

Form. 

No. 

101. Lease. (To be used when necessary to rent a camp site more 
than 24'hours.) 

153. Original bill of lading. 

154. Memorandum copy of bill of lading. 

156. Shipping order. 

169. Letter of transmittal of memorandum bill of lading and copies 
of transportation requests issued during day. (To the Depot 
Quartermaster, Washington, D. C.) 

406. Official Telegram. 

Transportation requests. (Form not numbered.) 

W. D. 

Form. 

No. 

330. Public voucher. Purchases and services. 

If the acting field quartermaster himself is to disburse funds for 
supplies purchased and services procured on the march, and he will 
not return to the post in time to prepare and render his account current 


[ 29 ] 


30 

on or before the 10th of the following month, then in addition to the 
blank forms enumerated above, he should carry: 

Q. M. C. 

Form. 

No. 

151. Report of bills of lading and transportation requests issued. 
W. D. 

Form. 

No. 

320. Account current. 

329. Abstract of disbursements. 

Check Book. (Treasury Department Form.) 

Experience has shown that in the case of the ordinary practice 
march, it is always better to have the post quartermaster requisition 
in advance for the purchase of supplies and procurement of services 
that will probably be needed on the march, all vouchers, after ac¬ 
complishment, being sent to the post quartermaster for payment. 

30. Field desk. Have the company clerk pack the field desk, 
which would ordinarily contain about the following: 

Army Regulations. 

Field Service Regulations. 

Drill Regulations. 

Manual for Courts-Martial. 

Manual of Interior Guard Duty. 

Morning Report. 

Daily Sick Report. 

Duty Roster. 

Service Records (with latest clothing order). 

Memorandum book for data for muster and pay rolls. 

Compilation of War Department General Orders, Circulars, and 
Bulletins. 

Current file and last year’s file of War Department general orders 
and bulletins. 

Muster rolls. 

Pay rolls. 

Inventory of effects of deceased soldiers. 

Special descriptive list of deserters. 

Company return. 

Company fund book. 

Return of casualties in action (to be taken only in time of war). 

[30] 


31-32-33 


Field return. 

Furloughs. 

Discharges. 

Final statements. 

Ration returns. 

Official telegraph blanks. 

Survey reports. 

Statement of charges. 

Charge sheets. 

Stationery. (Envelopes, paper, rubber erasers, ink eraser, pins and 
paper fasteners, ink, pen points, pen holders, blotting paper, 
ruler, pads.) 

Correspondence book. 

Document file. 

Note. Together with the field desk should be taken a light, compact typewriter, 
which now-a-days is really indispensable for the preparation of pay rolls, muster rolls, 
returns, reports, and other papers, all of which must be made out either in duplicate 
or triplicate, if not in quadruplicate. The CORONA is recommended as the best 
machine the author knows of for all-around garrison and field use. It is what might 
be called essentially a “military typewriter,” being light, compact, and simple of 
construction, and being able to stand more knocking about than any other machine. 

31. Field return. Before leaving, submit the Field Return (Form 
No. 26, A. G. O.), in compliance with A. R. 812, and the notes on the 
form. 

Note. The only periodical reports or returns made by an officer in command of a 
detachment on detached service, are the muster rolls (Feb. 28, Apr. 31, June 30, Aug. 
31, Oct. 31 and Dec. 31) and the pay rolls (monthly). No other reports or returns are 
rendered unless required by special instructions. 

32. Company fund. Take along in cash as much of the company 
fund as may be considered necessary. Also, take along the company 
fund check book. 

33. Medicines. If no surgeon or other medical attendants are to 
accompany the command, the following medicines should be obtained 
from the surgeon and taken along, the directions being plainly marked 
on each package: 


M edicines 


Doses 


Use 


Magnesium sulphate 
Compound cathartic 
pills 

Castor oil 

Camphor and opium 
pills 


1 oz. 

1 to 3 pills 

Yi, to 1 oz. 
1 to 2 pills 


Brisk cathartic 
Cathartic 

Bland cathartic; used in 
diarrhea, etc. 

For diarrhea and dys¬ 
entery 


[ 31 ] 


33 (contd.) 

Squibb’s Mixture 

Bismuth powders 

Aromatic spirits 
ammonia. 

Whiskey 

Potassium chlorate 


Tincture of iodine 


Brown Mixture 

Quinine sulphate tab¬ 
lets (3 grains) 
Copaiba pills 


Carbolized vaseline 

Ammonia or soap lini¬ 
ment 

Morphine sulphate 
Potassium bromide 

Pepsin 

Mustard plaster 
Powdered ipecac 

Mint tablets 
Sodium salicylate 
Phenacetin 


30 to 90 drops 
10 to 30 grains 
of 30 to 60 drops 


Y 2 to 1 oz. 
Saturated solution 
(All that water 
will dissolve) 
Paint over surface 


1 to 2 teaspoon¬ 
fuls 

1 to 4 tablets 
1 to 3 pills 


Emollient 

External use 

% to % grains 
10 to 15 grains 

10 to 30 grains 
External use 
30 grains 

1 to 2 tablets 
1 to 3 tablets 
3 to 5 grains 


Intestinal colic and 
diarrhea 

Indigestion and diar¬ 
rhea 

Stimulant to the heart; 
used in heat exhaus¬ 
tion 

Stimulant 

As a gargle for sore 
throats 

For inflammations, con¬ 
tusions, bruises, etc., 
where the skin is not 
broken 
Bronchitis 

For colds, malarial 
fever tonics, etc. 
Gonorrhea and other 
inflammations of the 
urinary tract, also 
s u b-a cute and 
chronic-bronchitis 
Dressings in sores and 
skin affections 
Sprains, bruises, etc. 

To relieve pain 
To quiet the system 
and produce sleep 
Indigestion 
Counter-irritant 
To produce vomiting in 
case of poisoning 
Sour stomach 
Rheumatism 
For headache and 
fevers. Combined 
with salol for in¬ 
fluenza 


[ 32 ] 







34 - 35 - 36-37 

Dressings: Sublimated gauze, bandages, first-aid packets, absor¬ 
bent and safety, splints, iodoform, adhesive plaster and pins (common), 
cotton, cotton batting. 

34. Map. Take along a map of the country to be traversed. 

35. Sick and prisoners. Make arrangements about leaving 
behind the sick and, if necessary, prisoners. In the cavalry and field 
artillery provision must also be made for the horses, if any, to be 
left behind. 

Sometimes men to be transferred to the Regular Army Reserve or 
discharged while troops are in the field, are left at the post. 

The service records of all men remaining at the post, including 
the sick, must be left with the proper officers. 

36. Mess outfit. In active campaign, company officers generally 
mess with their companies, having their meals served in their tents 
or other suitable place. They usually arrange with the mess sergeant 
to have extras prepared for them. 

If on the march or in campaign, especially if without wagon trans¬ 
portation, the mess equipment would consist of the meat can, canteen 
and knife, fork and spoon. However, as a rule, the company officers 
mess together, using a mess outfit, consisting of table, camp chairs, 
plates, saucers, etc. See, “Officers’ Mess Chest,” par. 38. 

37. Care of property left behind. A reliable noncommissioned 
officer and one or two reliable privates should be left behind to look 
after the barracks and the property not taken along. A company 
order should be issued making one of them responsible for all the 
property, and arrangements should be made about their mess during 
the absence of the company. As many articles of personal property 
as possible that are to be left behind are packed in the lockers, every¬ 
thing surplus being plainly marked with the owner’s name and then 
packed in clothing boxes. 

Mattresses, pillows, sheets, pillowcases, lamps, etc., should be 
turned in to the quartermaster or left stored in the company quarters 
depending upon the probable length of field service. All surplus 
ordnance should be carefully packed and locked or sealed. 

The company quarters and premises should be policed, the windows 
fastened, the doors locked, and the keys turned over to the person 
to be in charge of the quarters. 


[ 33 ] 


38. 


Officers’ Mess Chest 

(Chest to be plainly marked with name, rank and regiment of owner) 
All measurements given are interior. 





(Depth of tray, not in¬ 
cluding thickness of bot¬ 
tom, 3 y/i ins.) 




(Made of white pine, Va, 
inch thick. Partitions 
inch thick. Corners rein¬ 
forced—handles at ends— 
Yale padlock and key—ex¬ 
terior painted gray.) 


\ 


CONTENTS 
(Agate Ware.) 

2 Baking pans (two sizes, so that 
one will fit into the other.) 

1 Can opener. 

6 Cans, with screw tops (cans in 
which Lowney’s commissary candy 
comes). 

1 Corkscrew. 

1 Coffee pot (small). 

6 Cupe, with handles (3 ins. deep; 
3Y% ins. diam. 

6 Cups, without handles (conical 
shape, 3ins. high; 21/% ins. diam. 
at top). 

8 Forks, table. 

1 Fork, iron, long. 

1 Frying Pan. 

1 Gridiron, wire. 

1 Knife, meat. 

(Continued following page.) 








CONTENTS 

(Agate Ware—Continued.) 


38 (contd.) 


8 Knives, table. 

1 Meat cleaver. 

1 Pepper box. 

1 Pitcher, small. 

6 Plates (8§4 ins. diam.) 

6 Plates (7 ins. diam.) 

1 Platter (14 x 11 ins.) 

1 Platter (12 x ins.) 

6 Ramekin dishes (5 1 / 2 ins. diam.; 1 in. deep). 

1 Saltseller. 

6 Soup bowls (5)4 ins. diam.; 2]/ 2 ins. deep). 

1 Soup ladle. 

1 Spoon, iron, long. 

10 Spoons, large. 

8 Spoons, small. 

3 Vegetable dishes (three sizes so that they will fit into one another). 

Note. A camp kettle, a mess pan or two, a table cloth and a dozen napkins 
should also be taken along. 


[35] 


39 


CHAPTER V 

LOADING WAGONS 

39. The property to be loaded should be carefully inspected 
before any is loaded, to see that everything is in good order and 
properly boxed, crated, or tied. 

Large, heavy boxes should be avoided. 

The following general rules must be observed. 

1. Heavy stuff must go on the bottom (and forward rather than 
rear and light stuff on top—thus, heavy articles will not crush 
light ones and the center of gravity will be nearer the axles, making 
the turning over of the load more difficult. 

2. Things needed first upon reaching camp must be placed on top 
or in rear. 

The following method of loading a wagon is in accordance with 
the general principles cited above: 

Ammunition. Ordinarily just back of the forward axle. In case 
of possible need, however, the ammunition should be placed where it 
could be gotten at immediately. 

Axes, Spades, Shovels, and (Unhandled) Picks. Should be out¬ 
side of wagonbed, in leather pockets or strong bags, or stood on end 
at rear of wagon. They should not be placed between the sides of. 
the wagon and the load. 

Blanket Rolls. If to be carried on wagon, they should be rolled 
tightly and left straight—not tied in a circle—and loaded on top, 
crosswise. 

Camp Kettles and Buckets. Under the wagon, suspended from 
the reach pole. 

Field Desk. To be placed on or near bottom and well forward, 
as it is seldom required early. 

Field Range. On bottom, at rear of wagon. (The Infantry Equip¬ 
ment Board recommended that the field range be carried on tail gate 
of the wagon, lowered to a position of about 30 degrees from the 
horizontal.) 

Forage. If to be carried on wagon, in front of ammunition. 


[ 36 ] 



39 (contd.) 

Lashing. Use two pieces of 34-inch rope about 75 feet long, 
passing over load first from front to rear diagonally, and finally secured 
by being tied to rings on the rear bolster standards—never to the end 
gate rods. The rope should be passed through strong hooks securely 
clinched to the body of the wagon, and not passed around the ends 
of the bows. 

Officers’ Bedding Rolls. To be on top of load. 

Rations. Surplus rations (not required for next camp) in bottom 
of wagon, between ammunition and ration box. 

Bacon should be on the bottom of wagon, where the grease will 
do no harm. 

Ration Box. Next to field range, toward front of wagon. After the 
field range has been unloaded, the ration box is readily accessible and 
need not be unloaded. 

At every camp the ration box should be restocked for the next 
camp. 

Sibley Stoves. Slung on chain, just outside of feed box. 

Stove Pipe. Should be crated and lashed on in rear of a wagon. 

Tentage. Should be placed on top of boxes, etc. 

(Attention is invited to the fact that canvas becomes unserviceable 
more from handling and transportation than from wear when in 
actual use in sheltering troops). 

Tent Pins. On top, in sacks. 

Tent Poles. Should be tied with a rope and placed just inside the 
bows so as to extend above the wagon bed side; or carried in two 
iron hooks suspended from side of wagon bed, about four teei apart. 

NOTES 

1. Pots and Kettles. Should be in gunny sacks so as not to 
dirty everything. 

2. The Mess Sergeant should be with the wagon. 

3. A Noncommissioned Officer should personally superintend the 
loading of wagon. 

4. The Jockey Box should be left entirely for use of teamster, 
and in which should be kept wrench, grease, spare bolts, mule shoes, 
etc. 

5 . A detail of men should accompany the wagon. Men who know 
how to meet emergencies, Such as a wagon tipping over on a hillside, 
wagons requiring repacking, mule down and hurt, etc., should be 
selected. 


[ 37 ] 


40 - 41 - 42 - 43-44 


CHAPTER VI 

TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS OF 
TRANSPORTATION 

40. Different kinds of transportation. The usual means of trans¬ 
portation used for military purposes are: 

Wagons 
Auto trucks 
Pack animals 
Rail transportation 
Water transportation. 

41. Wagon transportation. According to the Tables of Organi¬ 
zation, the following wagon transportation is allowed to each bat¬ 
talion of Infantry (4 companies): 

1 wagon for baggage (carries small pyramidal tent for battalion 
commander; officers’ bedding rolls; messing and cooking equipment 
for 4 companies; 1 field desk for each company). 

2 wagons for rations (carry 2 days’ field rations and 1 day’s re¬ 
serve ration for the battalion, and grain ration for 2 days). 

1 combat wagon (carries the ammunition, 120 rounds per man; 
also, 7 litters, 16 axes, 16 picks and 16 shovels). 

42. Auto trucks. The allowance of auto trucks has not yet (July, 
1917) been published. The average load for the type of truck used 
by the Army in combat and other trains, is about 3000 pounds. 

43. Pack animals. The average, normal load for a pack mule is 
250 pounds. For short distances, under most favorable conditions, 
this can be increased to 400 pounds. 

There are 50 pack and 14 riding mules in a pack train. There is 
no fixed allowance of pack transportation. However, under normal 
conditions, where no other transportation is furnished, one pack train 
would probably be assigned to each battalion. 

44. Water transportation. The general subject of water trans¬ 
portation is covered in the U. S. Army Transport Regulations, while 
convoys by water are covered in the Field Service Regulations. 


[ 38 ] 


45-46 


RAIL TRANSPORTATION 

45. Preparation of cars. Upon receipt of orders for the move¬ 
ment of troops by rail, the quartermaster charged with supplying the 
transportation arranges with the railroad authorities for the necessary 
cars. He procures lists, with weights, of all property to be shipped 
and makes out the bills of lading. He provides loading facilities and 
material for blocking and lashing, and constructs the necessary ramps. 

Upon arrival of the cars, the quartermaster inspects to see if they 
conform to the terms of the contract, and reports the result of his 
inspection to the commander. 

Stock cars are inspected with especial care to see that they are all 
in good order throughout. Projecting nails, bolts, and splinters, loose 
boards and rotting flooring, broken fixtures on hayracks, doors, or 
troughs, all are sources of danger or discomfort to the animals and of 
loss to the Government. The cars should be clean before loading, 
and suitable bedding provided. 

Passenger cars must be clean, fully supplied with water and ice, 
and sufficiently lighted and heated. The urinals and closets must be 
in good condition, well supplied with toilet paper and water, and the 
sleeping accommodations according to contract. 

Each train should be equipped with water buckets, lanterns, axes, 
and crowbars. 

After the cars have been accepted, the number of men allotted to 
each is marked on the side or steps. The cars are then assigned to 
organizations and plainly marked. 

46. Loading and entraining. At the proper time loading is begun 
and carried on, usually by the troops, pursuant to the orders of the 
commander. Heavy property may be loaded by details before* the 
arrival of the troops. 

The following order is generally observed in loading: 

1. Company property, etc., not used in transit (in box cars locked and sealed 

by railroad employees prior to departure of train) : 

Company property. 

Property of officers and men. 

Ammunition. 

Rations. 

Sanitary stores. 

Tentage. 

Cooking utensils. ... 

Arms and equipment of men when not carried in coaches or baggage car. 

2. Transportation (on flat cars): 

Guns and artillery carriages. 

Pontons. 

Wagons, etc. 

Ambulances. 

3. Forage (in box cars). 

[ 39 ] 


46 (contd.) 

4. Checkable baggage, rations for use en route and arms (in baggage and kitchen 

cars under guard). 

5. Animals (in stock cars). 

6. Men (in coaches or sleepers). 

Artillery and other carriages are made secure by lashings and by 
nailing blocks of wood to the flooring under the wheels. 

The arrival of troops at the station should be timed so that there 
will be no delay in waiting for cars. When the barrack, camp, or 
bivouac is not more than a mile from the station, troops are not re¬ 
quired to fall in until notice has been received from the quartermaster 
that the cars are at the station and have been inspected and assigned. 
The command is then marched to the train and the property loaded. 
The organizations are then marched opposite their cars and entrained. 
The cars are entered simultaneously, each company commander distri¬ 
buting his men according to the assignment. Noncommissioned 
officers have seats near the doors. 

Troops traveling by train seldom require their arms or all of their 
equipment. For instance, when sleepers are provided, they generally 
require no equipment other than their canteens and haversacks, the 
mess kits and necessary toilet articles being carried in the latter. 
For mounted troops the saddlebags take the place of haversacks. A 
few revolvers or rifles suffice for the necessary guard duty. There¬ 
fore, to add to the comfort of the men, train commanders may cause 
the arms and equipments not required en route to be properly secured 
and stored in a property or baggage car. 

Mounted troops dismount upon arrival and remove the horse 
equipments except the halter. Each man’s equipment, except halter, 
canteen, and saddlebags, is then securely tied in a gunny sack (or 
other receptacle supplied by the Quartermaster’s Department), marked 
witf* the number of the man and letter of his troop, and loaded in the 
proper car. Each troop, except the horse holders, is then marched to 
its cars where the men deposit their arms (if not otherwise disposed 
of), canteens, and saddlebags. It then marches back, relieves the 
horse holders, and loads the horses. The horse holders, unless other¬ 
wise ordered, repair to their cars, carrying their arms (if left with 
them), canteens, and saddlebags. For short journeys the horses 
may be loaded, saddled (stirrups crossed) and bridled, or the bridles 
may be tied on the saddles. 

In the field artillery a similar method is pursued. The harness is 
usually tied up in sets, ‘plainly marked, and loaded in a box car. 

Animals can be conveniently loaded through chutes of stock 
yards, or from freight platforms level with the car floors. In other 


[ 40 ] 


47 

cases portable or improvised ramps will have to be used. When it 
is likely that the animals will have to be unloaded at places without 
facilities, one or more portable ramps, or material for improvising 
them, should be carried on the train. The loading should proceed 
without noise or confusion, the animals being led quietly to the car 
door and turned over to the four men, two for each end, who do the 
loading. The animals should be packed as closely as possible, except 
in very hot weather. Halters are not removed. Gentle animals 
should be placed opposite the doors and are therefore loaded last. 

The time required for loading each train depends upon the railroad 
facilities and upon the experience of the troops. For troops leaving 
station to go into the field, or changing station in the field, the time 
required should not exceed: 

One hour for infantry. 

Two hours for cavalry and light artillery. 

Three hours for heavy artillery and for engineers with bridge train. 

All movements of the troops in loading, entraining, and detrain¬ 
ing, feeding and watering, and exercising men and horses are made, 
as far as practicable, in military formation and pursuant to command, 
thus avoiding confusion and saving time. 

47. Conduct of the troops. Delays caused by the troops, whether 
in loading and entraining or during the journey are inexcusable. They 
interfere with railroad schedules and are a source of great annoyance. 

The railroad employees and subordinate officials have nothing to 
do with the questions of military discipline and administration. Re¬ 
quests or complaints that they may have to make should be addressed 
to the station or to the conductor of the train for transmission to the 
commander. 

The troops on their part must not interfere with the operation of 
the railway service. Officers and enlisted men give no orders to 
employees, and protests, complaints, and arguments are strictly pro¬ 
hibited. The commander is the sole intermediary between the troops 
and the railroad personnel. In case of deficiencies and other matters 
requiring correction, he addresses himself only to the official in 
charge. 

The senior noncommissioned officer in each car is responsible 
for cleanliness and good order. Spitting on the floors, defacing wood¬ 
work and windows, and every species of disorder must be prevented. 

The commander may station sentinels at the doors of each car 
to prevent the entrance of unauthorized persons and to keep soldiers 
from riding on the steps, platforms, or tops of cars, and from leaving 


141 ] 


48 

without permission. If it is desirable to exercise the troops, they 
should leave the cars in a body, under the officers. 

Smoking is prohibited in cars loaded with animals or forage. 

Careful attention is paid to the messing of the men, whether in 
kitchen cars or in the coaches where the men ride. A mess officer 
supervises the preparation and serving of the meals and requires the 
men to keep their mess kits scrupulously clean. 

The commander causes frequent inspections to be made to see 
that his instructions for the preservation of cleanliness and good order 
are fully carried out. 

When the stock cars provided are such that the animals can be 
fed and watered on the trains, it is unnecessary to unload them for 
exercise or recuperation unless the weather is very hot and the jour¬ 
ney long. Should the railway company insist upon unloading the 
animals in compliance with the law, the commander will, in time of 
peace, give the necessary order. 

On occasions when troops have been allowed or required to leave 
the train for exercise or duty, the commander will cause the “assem¬ 
bly” to be sounded five minutes before departure. 

48. Detraining and unloading. The train schedule is arranged, 
when practicable, for arrival at destination in the morning. The troops 
are notified in time to prepare for detraining. 

The officers and guard are the first to leave the cars. The com¬ 
mander meets the staff officer sent to the train, receives instructions, 
if any, gets his bearing, and orders the troops to detrain. As soon as 
the passenger coaches or sleeping cars are empty, the quartermaster, 
or a specially designated officer, accompanied by the conductor, if 
practicable, makes an inspection of the cars and notes their condition; 
the result is reported to the commander. 

The troops procure their field kits and march to camp without 
delay, leaving details to bring up the property. If the camp is distant, 
arms are stacked and a part or all of the command unloads the train. 

In the cavalry the men are marched to the vicinity of the stock cars, 
where the saddlebags and canteens are placed in line on the ground 
under guard. The remaining articles of the field kit and horse equip¬ 
ments are then unloaded and placed with the preceding articles. The 
horses are then unloaded, saddled, and the troops formed. 

Animals are unloaded quietly, each one being led to the opening 
so that his body will be athwart the car before leaving it. 


[ 42 ] 


49 

The command may be marched to camp at once, if near the station; 
otherwise picket lines are stretched, or the horses are held while the 
property is unloaded. 

Artillery unloads in a manner similar to that of cavalry. 

On account of accidents, freight blockades, or action of the enemy, 
it may be necessary to unload in the open country. In such cases 
portable or improvised ramps will have to be used. Lacking these, 
the train may be stopped in a low cut, and cross-ties, baled hay, car 
doors, and turf utilized for the rapid construction of ramps of suffi¬ 
cient height to permit unloading of animals. 

49. Loading animals on cars. Except in hot weather, pack as 
many animals in the car as you can, as they will ride better than if 
loosely packed. If an animal happens to fall down in the car it will 
be almost impossible for it to get up, and the probabilities are it will 
be trampled to death. For this reason load sick or injured animals in 
cars by themselves, and build separate stalls for each animal, if 
practicable. Before loading examine each car carefully to see that 
the floor boards are not rotten or broken, that the sides are secure, 
and that there are no projecting nails or splinters. The car should 
be clean, and the floor covered with sand, sawdust or straw. Where 
cleats on the floor are not used it is advisable to have toe calks on 
the animals’ shoes. The man in charge should be provided with a 
candle, lantern, bucket, and a hatchet. Where the boards on sides of 
car are not close together, an animal is liable to get his hoof between 
the boards, and when other means fail to disengage it, a hatchet is 
useful in cutting away a part of the board. In loading animals use 
the railroad platform, or the loading ramp found at railroad stations, 
or make a ramp, well supported and with strong sides. Lead the 
animals by halters and straps up the ramp and into the car, and take 
off the halter. The first animal should be led to one end of the car 
and the second to the other end, leaving the center of the car for the 
last animals loaded. Arrange the animals so that the alternate ones 
shall face in the same direction. 

Do the loading quietly, and have the animals follow one another 
promptly, so as to avoid delay. In some cases it may be necessary to 
blindfold an animal before he can be led into the car. An obstinate 
animal can be made to enter by holding its head up, twisting its tail, 
and pushing it by main force into the car. Before loading see that 
the door on farther side of car is closed and fastened, and after loading 
is complete, fasten the second door. 


[ 43 ] 


50-51 

Where cars contain hayracks and water troughs, see that they are 
in good condition, and fill racks before loading. Animals should be 
unloaded and exercised at least once in twenty-four hours. 

They should be watered and fed twice a day. 

50. Loading ambulances on cars. Except for short journeys, 

ambulances should be knocked down before loading. Secure a flat 
car 36 feet long by about 9 feet wide. Take the beds off the running 
gears by unscrewing nuts from the bolts that hold the sills of the beds 
to the running gears. Also take off the rear steps. Six beds Can now 
be placed on the car by taking the first bed and placing it in one 

corner of the car (its length parallel to the car), the side of the bed 

coming out to the stakes, or the places for stakes on the side of car. 
Place the second bed alongside of the first, allowing it to slip back 
two inches on account of the sills. Arrange the other four beds be¬ 
hind the first pair, well closed up; then put in stout stakes and cover 
ambulance tops with paulins or old canvas, as a protection to the 

tops from sparks. It is very important that the nuts should be put 

back in their proper places. Secure the water tanks on ambulances, 
and place the running gears in a box car and number them corre¬ 
sponding to the ambulances, if the ambulances are of different makes. 

For short journeys, take off wheels and rear steps and unyoke 
axles from springs. For the axles substitute a piece of hard wood, 
which should not be longer than the width of ambulance. Crate 
wheels and put inside of ambulance, bracing same, so there will be no 
liability of injury to sides. 

51. Loading wagons on cars. Remove the beds from the running 
gears and take off the rear end gates. Get a 36-foot flat car, or even 
a longer one. Place the first bed in one corner of the car (its length 
parallel to the car), so that its side will come out to the stakes or 
places for stakes on side of car. Take the second bed, reverse it so 
that the front end shall be opposite rear end of first wagon, turn it 
bottom up, and place it partly inside and partly outside of the first 
bed, the inner sides being close together. This arrangement forms a 
box, with closed ends, which can be filled with parts of the body and 
running gear. Place the third and fourth boxes, similarly arranged, 
alongside of the first and second, and continue the same arrangement 
to the other end of the car. In this way, 12 beds can be put in first 
layer on car. 

Arrange the second, third, and fourth layers similarly, and secure 
the beds by stout stakes and wire. Forty-eight beds, with parts, can 


[ 44 ] 


52-53 

thus be shipped on one flat car, the running gears being placed in a 
box car. Put back all nuts in proper place. Wagons that have been 
used should never have the bodies knocked down and loaded in box 
cars, because in endeavoring to take off the nuts, which are sure to 
be rusted, the outside braces and inside straps are twisted and the 
bolt ends broken off, rendering the wagons unserviceable. By 
loading as above described, no damage is done the bed or running 
gear, and the wagons are easily set up when destination is reached. 
It is not necessary to number the beds, running gear, etc., except 
when wagons of different patterns are shipped. If tunnels are on the 
line of road, load only three layers, or 36 wagon beds on each car. 

If cars containing stock and wagons accompany the regiment 
and it is necessary to run the train in several sections, the cars of 
stock and wagons should be the first section, and should be accom¬ 
panied by a sufficient number of men, say one company, to unload and 
care for stock and wagons, so that when the rest of the regiment 
arrives there will be no delay in moving baggage to camp. 

52. Loading property in cars. The general rule for loading pro¬ 
perty is to put in first such articles as will not be immediately needed 
on arrival at destination. The following order of loading should be 
followed, unless there is a special reason for departing from it: 

Officers’ baggage. 

Enlisted men’s baggage. 

Ammunition. 

Rations.' 

Hospital stores. 

Tentage. 

By this arrangement the articles needed first will be unloaded first. 
Keep the property of each organization by itself, and mark on the 
car the letter and regiment of the organization whose property is in 
the car. The cars should be assigned and marked by the quarter¬ 
master before loading. If the regiment is to be shipped in two or 
more sections, see that the proper baggage cars accompany each 
section, so that when an organization arrives in camp its baggage will 
be with it. A couple of men should be in each car to guard its con¬ 
tents. 

53. Parking trains. When the wagons of a regimental train have 
been unloaded, they should be parked in one line, if practicable, 
dressed to the right, with an interval of two feet between hubs. The 
animals should then be unharnessed, watered, tied to picket line, and 
fed. 


[ 45 ] 


54-55 

When the animals are fed from feed box fastened to wagon pole, 
increase the interval between hubs to 20 feet. 

In a convoy, at the first sign of the presence of an enemy close 
up all the wagons and form a double column (columns of twos) if 
the ground will permit. This shortens the length of original column 
one-half. When the attack begins, or just before it, as the judgment 
of the commander dictates, form a park in the form of a square or 
circle, animals inside and their heads close together. 

Now lock and fasten the wheels together. In the case of a large 
train, park the first fifty, bring up the rest of the train and make addi¬ 
tional parks, so as to contract as much as possible the space to be 
defended. In some cases it may be necessary to move the train to 
the right or left to secure proper parking grounds. Where proper 
grounds for forming wagons into circles and squares can not be 
found, form a double column of wagons, and turn them so that the 
animals will face inward, their heads close together. To unpark, back 
the wagons out of the park and have them take proper place in 
column. 

To form a circle from double column, the two leading wagons halt 
and the other wagons move outward to the right and left and come 
into the circle in their proper order. Light wagons, like ambulances 
and spring wagons, can be used to fill up any gaps there may be in 
thg circle. 

54. Care of animals, wagons, and harness in the field. In order 
that animals, wagons and harness should be always ready for service, 
it is very important that the Quartermaster should give them his 
personal attention. He can not delegate this responsibility to any one 
else, for he alone will be held responsible for their condition. He 
should give proper orders regarding the care of this property, and 
should see that his orders are executed. 

55. Animals. Animals suffer from neglect on the part of those 
in immediate charge of them, either from failure to water and feed 
them, or by not examining their feet and promptly attending to slight 
injuries. 

In the field all animals should be fed night and morning, the bulk 
of the feed being given at night, as the animals have more time to eat 
it than they have in the morning. The forage allowance is ample, and 
when animals are hard-worked this allowance should not be cut down. 

Water the animals before feeding and at least once during the 
day if it is practicable to do so. Many teamsters after a hard day’s 


[ 46 ] 


55 (contd.) 

work neglect to water their animals, so that it is especially important 
to see that this duty is done. 

Make a rule that the animals should be fed and watered before the 
men get their meals. 

Have all animals thoroughly groomed at least once a day. In 
camp this should be done twice a day. 

Feed the allowance of salt twice a week. When animals eat the 
wagon beds and feed boxes, or lick one another’s hide, it is a sure 
indication that they are not getting enough salt. 

The feet should be examined and cleaned every night. In a hot, 
dry country, if there is time to do so, their fore-feet should be poul¬ 
ticed with flaxseed twice a month. 

Great attention should be paid to shoeing the animals. The black¬ 
smith should-fit the shoe to the foot, not the foot to the shoe. Have 
the animals shod as soon as they need it. The time for shoeing will 
be governed by the amount of work performed and the character 
of the roads. Ordinarily once in three or four weeks will be suffi¬ 
cient. Teamsters should report to the Quartermaster the condition 
of the shoes, and when camp is reached the blacksmith should attend 
to the animals at once. When it is necessary to have an animal shod 
on the march, turn the team out of the column, and instruct the 
teamster where and how to join the train. 

Park the train at night and tie the animals to the wagons so that 
the grain may be fed to them in the feed box. Where a picket rope 
is used, see that it is securely fastened so as to hang about 4 feet from 
the ground, and that the halter is sufficiently long to allow the animal 
to lie down. 

Animals’ shoulders often become sore and the animals rendered 
unserviceable from the fact that the teamsters, when they take off the 
harness at night, instead of hanging it on a tree or putting it in the 
wagon, will throw it on the ground and make no attempt to clean 
the harness in the morning before using it. In consequence, dirt and 
mud get on the collars and harness and chafe the skin, resulting in 
sores that often take weeks to heal. 

It would be well to wash the shoulders frequently in strong salt 
water. 

Draft animals should not be driven out of a walk except in cases 
of urgent necessity. Exception is made in case of animals used on 
ambulances and spring wagons. 


[ 47 ] 


56-57 

Impress upon teamsters that it is necessary to be kind to all 
animals. Discharge any man who kicks an animal or strikes him with 
a club or otherwise mistreats him. 

56. Wagons. When wagons are used every day, especially in a 
sandy country, have the wheels greased once a day. One to one and 
one-half pounds of axle grease per wheel per month will be found to 
be ample in all climates. 

It is of the utmost importance that the wheels should be kept 
thoroughly greased at all times, .or the axle will be injured and the 
axle boxes worn out. Always carry with the wagon train a few extra 
wagon parts, so that minor repairs may be made at once. 

The wagons should be inspected morning and evening to ascertain 
if anything is broken about them, that the tires are tight, axle nuts 
well screwed on, etc. 

Scrape off all old grease before putting on fresh grease. 

57. Harness. Harness should be examined every day. Note 
particularly if any stitches are broken, if any parts of the leather are 
worn thin, badly cracked, or cut, and if any of the buckles, toggles, 
snaps, hames, chains, bits, and rings are cracked or broken. 

Should any defect or weakness be noticed, have the same remedied 
at once. 

Do not allow the harness to be thrown on the ground where it 
will get muddy and dirty, for when the mud hardens and rubs against 
the skin sores will result that may render the animal unserviceable 
for weeks. 

In stitching harness, see that knots are not left on any part of 
the leather which may come in contact with the animal’s body. 

Avoid these knots by using two double or back stitches at the 
beginning and end of each row of stitching. 

Sew the harness and do not use rivets, especially if the leather 
has plenty of life and is not extra solid. Use the best linen shoe 
thread with wax ends in sewing. 

The wax should be the spring, summer or winter kind, depending 
on the season. Buckle the collars when removed from the animals. 

CLEANING HARNESS 

Harness should be cleaned at least twice a month, and whenever 
it gets muddy. 

For this purpose use a bucket, lukewarm water, sponge, harness 
soap, harness dressing, neat’s-foot oil, and lampblack. 


[ 48 ] 


57 (contd.) 

For ordinary cleaning the following instructions should be ob¬ 
served: 

Provide a rack to hang the harness on. Where no better arrange¬ 
ment is on hand, insert one end of the wagon pole between the spokes 
of one of the hind wheels, above the hub, and strap it to the axle. 

Hang a set of harness on the pole, dampen the sponge in clean 
water and pass it over the harness until the dirt has become soft. 

Rinse out the sponge as often as necessary, and replace the" dirty 
water with clean water frequently. 

Now rub the sponge on the harness soap until you obtain a good 
lather, then give the harness a good heavy coating of it, and keep 
rubbing the harness until all dirt is removed. In some instances it may 
be necessary to use a thin piece of wood to remove the dirt. After 
the harness is thoroughly clean, work up a very thick lather, coat 
the leather parts of the harness with it, and allow it to dry without 
further rubbing. 

After the lather has been absorbed and the leather is dry, put on 
a light coat of harness dressing. To do this, use a perfectly clean 
sponge, touch the harness lightly, just enough to spread the dressing, 
and do not rub. Keep the dressing in an air-tight package when not 
in use. 

When the harness has not been cleaned for some time, and is hard, 
it should first be cleaned as described above. Afterwards take a pint 
of neat’s-foot oil for each single set of harness to be cleaned, pour 
it into a pan and mix with it lampblack in the proportion of one tea¬ 
spoonful to each pint of oil, and stir this mixture until it has a glossy 
black appearance. In cold weather heat the oil until it is lukewarm, 
but never hot, before using on harness. Apply the mixture with a 
small sponge, rubbing it well in. Allow about forty-eight hours to 
elapse before using harness again. In cold weather allow harness, 
after being thus oiled, to hang near a fire for an hour. 

After the leather is thoroughly dried, apply harness dressing as 
described above. 


[ 49 ] 


58-59 


CHAPTER VII 
MARCHES 

58. Protection. Protection for troops on the march is provided 
by means of advance guards, rear guards, and flanking parties or 
patrols. 

59. Rate of march. The rate of march varies with the length of 
march, kind of troops, equipment carried, size of command, condition 
of troops, state of the weather, conditiorf of roads, and other circum¬ 
stances. However, whatever the rate may be it should be uniform, 
that is most important, as there is nothing that will irritate and tire 
a command more than a varying, un-uniform rate of march. 

The rate of march is regulated by the commander of the leading 
company err some one designated by him, who should give the matter 
special attention, the rate being checked from time to time by a watch. 

On a march of several days’ duration the position of companies is 
ordinarily changed daily, so that each in turn leads. 

With trained troops, in commands of a regiment or less, marching 
over average roads, the rate should be from 2^ to 3 miles per hour. 
With larger commands carrying full equipment, the rate will be from 
2 to 2miles per hour. 

Assuming that the length of step of the average man is 30 inches, 
the following rate-of-march table is deduced: 


Steps per minute 

Miles 

per 

hour 

35 (1/5) . 

1 

70 

2 

88 (in practice, 90) 

2i/ 2 

97 (in practice, 100) 

2% 

106 (in practice, 110) 

3 


[Note. By remembering that 35 (1/5) steps per minute gives 1 mile per hour, 
the number of steps per minute necessary to give a rate of 2, 2 y 2 , 2^4 and 3 miles pet- 
hour, is quickly and easily obtained by multiplying 35 (1/5) by these numbers.] 

[ 50 ] 








60-61 

In hot, sultry weather, with the men carrying the full pack, the 
rate of march would naturally be considerably less than on a cool 
day, with the command not carrying the pack. It is most important 
that these and other considerations affecting the rate of march be 
constantly borne in mind by the officer in command of the column, 
who should indicate to the commander of the leading company the 
number of steps to be taken per minute. In indicating the number of 
steps to be taken per minute, it should be considered whether the men 
at the head of the leading company are the average, above the 
average, or below the average in height. A short man, for example, 
would probably have to take 100 steps a minute to keep up with a 
tall man walking at the rate of 90 steps per minute. 

60. Marching capacity. The average marching capacity of In¬ 
fantry is about 15 miles a day, but in extensive operations, involving 
large bodies of troops, the average is about 12 miles a day. Small 
commands of seasoned Infantry marching on good roads in cool 
weather can average about 20 miles a day. 

61. Halts. A halt of 15 minutes should be made after the first 
half or three quarters of an hour of marching to enable the men to 
attend to the calls of nature and adjust their clothing. Judgment 
must be exercised in selecting the place for this halt; it should not be 
made in a village or other place where its object would be defeated. 

After the first halt a halt of 10 minutes is made in each hour, 
that is, the troops march 50 minutes and then halt 10. Of course, the 
number and length of halts should be varied according to the weather, 
condition of the roads and the equipment carried by the men. In the 
tropics the best results are often obtained by marching 45 minutes 
and halting 15. 

When the day’s march will run well into the afternoon, a halt of 
about one hour should be made at noon and the men allowed to eat. 

Places for long halts should be selected with care; woods, water 
and shade are desirable features. Arms are stacked and equipments 
removed. 

Halts should not be made in or near towns or villages unless to 
procure water or supplies, and when so made, the men remain in 
column, details being sent for whatever is necessary. 

In hot weathen, especially in the tropics, it may be advisable in 
the case of long marches to halt for three or four hours during the 
hottest part of the day and finish the march in the late afternoon or 
early evening. As a general proposition, however, it is inadvisable to 
arrive at a strange place after nightfall or even late in the afternoon. 


62 - 63-64 

62. Straggling and elongation of column. The marching effi¬ 
ciency of an organization is judged by the amount of straggling and 
elongation of the column and the condition of the men at the end of 
the march. 

An officer of each company marches in its rear to prevent undue 
elongation and straggling. If there be only one officer with a com¬ 
pany, the first sergeant performs this duty. 

No man should leave the ranks without permission. If necessary 
for a man to fall out on account of sickness, he should be given a 
permit to do so by the company commander or the officer at the rear 
of the company. This permit is presented to the surgeon, who will 
admit him to the ambulance, have him wait for the trains, or follow 
and rejoin his company the first halt. 

It is the duty of all officers and all noncommissioned officers to 
prevent straggling and elongation of the column. 

63. Compliments. As a rule, troops on the march pay no com¬ 
pliments; individuals salute when they address, or are addressed by, 
a superior officer. 

64. Fitting of shoes and care of feet. In view of the fact that 
the greater part of the Infantry soldier’s occupation in the field con¬ 
sists of marching, too much stress cannot be laid upon the importance 
of his paying special attention to the fitting of his shoes and the care 
of his feet. 

An Infantryman with sore feet is like a lame duck trying to keep 
up with the rest of the flock. 

Keep your feet clean. Dirty feet invite blisters. An excellent pre¬ 
ventative against sore feet is to wash them every night in hot (prefer¬ 
ably salt) water and then dry them thoroughly. If this is not practic¬ 
able, then mop them every evening with a wet towel and invigorate 
the skin with a good rubbing. 

Keep the nails cut close. 

Rubbing the feet with hard soap, grease, or oil of any kind, and 
putting ordinary talcum powder in the shoes before starting on a 
march, are very good to prevent sore feet. 

Blisters should be pricked and the water let out, but the skin 
must never be removed. Adhesive plaster on top of the blister will 
prevent the skin from being pulled off. 

In case of sore or blistered feet, considerable relief can be obtained 
by rubbing them with tallow from a lighted candle and a little whiskey 
or alcohol in some other form, and putting the socks on at once. 

A little alum in warm water is excellent for tender feet. 


[ 52 ] 


65 

The old soldier has learned from long experience in marching, to 
turn his socks inside out before putting them on thus putting the 
smooth side next to his skin and possible seams or lumps next to the 
shoe. The thickness of the sock protects the skin and helps prevent 
blisters. 

Under no circumstances^sjiould a soldier ever start on a march zvith a 
pair of nezv shoes. - '* 

Each soldier should have on hand at all times two pair of 
serviceable shoes well broken in. 

Remember that it is much better to prevent sore feet by taking 
the precautions outlined above, than it is to have to treat your feet 
after they have become sore. 

65. March orders for individuals. The following orders should 
be learned by every soldier: 

I will fill my canteen before the march starts. 

I will never go on a march with a pair of new, unbroken shoes. 
I will always wear serviceable, broken shoes that fit properly, with 
good shoe laces. 

I will make it a special point to wear socks that fit properly and 
that have no holes or rough seams. 

If I have blisters, or get them easily, I will sprinkle the inside 
of my socks and shoes well with Talcum or foot powder before 
starting. 

As marching constitutes the principal occupation of troops in 
campaign, I realize the great importance of a soldier being able to 
march, and, therefore, the importance of looking after his feet. I 
will, therefore, at all times take the best possible care of my feet. 

Whether sick, or whether to get water, or for any other reason, 
I will never feave ranks without permission of my company com¬ 
mander, and during halts I will not leave the immediate vicinity of the 
company without permission. 

Should I wish to relieve myself when the company halts, I will do 
so as soon as the halt is made and not wait until it is nearly over. 

Under no circumstances will I ever straggle, but I will always 
keep my proper place in the column. 

I will not eat on the march. 

Before starting on a march I will thoroughly quench my thirst. On 
the march I will not drink any more water than I have to m order to 
replace the loss by perspiration. No matter how thirsty I may be, or 
how plentiful the water may be. I will drink only a few small swallows 
at a time. Water that is drunk is absorbed at once into the blood, and 


[ 53 ] 


65 (contd.) 

if the amount is excessive, a strain is imposed upon the heart that is 
likely to result in faintness or muscular cramps. 

I will not sit on damp ground during halts. I will always place a 
board, twigs, grass, or something else on damp ground before sitting 
on it. 

At every halt I will at once sit down and rest, removing my pack, 
or loosening it, and resting my back against it on the ground. 

I will not enter yards, orchards, or gardens, during halts, nor will I 
ever enter a house unless invited to do so by the occupants. 

When the command is given to fall in after a halt, I will fall in 
promptly. 


[ 54 ] 


66 - 67-68 


CHAPTER VIII 
CAMPS 

66. Principles governing selection of camp cites. The following 
basic principles govern in the selection of camp cites: 

(a) The water supply should be sufficient, pure, and accessible. 

(b) The ground should accommodate the command with as little 
crowding as possible, be easily drained, and have no stagnant water 
within 300 yards. 

(c) There should be good roads to the camp and good interior 
communication. 

(d) Camp sites should be so selected that troops of one unit need 
not pass through the camp grounds of another to reach their own 
camp. 

(e) Wood, grass, forage, and supplies must be at hand or obtain¬ 
able. 

(f) In campaign, tactical considerations come first in the selection 
of camp sites, capability of defense being especially considered, and, as 
a result, troops may have to camp many nights on objectionable 
ground. 

(g) However, sanitary considerations must always be given all the 
weight possible consistent with the tactical requirements. Through 
no fault of their own, troops occupying an unsanitary site may sufifer 
greater losses than in the battles of a long campaign. 

67. Desirable camp sites. The following conditions are desirable 
for camp sites: 

(a) Porous soil, covered with stout turf and underlaid by a sandy 
or gravelly subsoil. 

(b) High banks of rivers, provided no marshes are near. 

(c) In cold weather, a southern exposure, with woods to the north 
to break the cold winds. 

(d) In warm weather, an exposure toward the prevailing winds, 
with site moderately shaded by trees. 

68. Undesirable camp sites. The following conditions are 
undesirable for camp sites: 

(a) Clay soil, or where the ground water approaches the surface, 
such sites being damp and unhealthful. 

(b) Alluvial, marshy ground, and ground near the base of hills, or 
near thick woods or dense vegetation are also damp. 


[ 55 ] 


69-70 

(c) Ravines and depressions are likely to be unduly warm and to 
have insufficient or undesirable currents. 

(d) Proximity to marshes or stagnant water is usually damp, and 
has mosquitos, which transmit malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever. 

(e) Old camp sites are dangerous, as they are often permeated by 
elements of disease which persist for considerable periods. 

(f) Dry beds of streams are subject to sudden freshets. 

(g) In the tropics troops should not camp nearer than 500 yards 
to native huts or villages because of danger from malarial infection. 

69. Form and dimensions of camps. The form and dimensions of 
camps depend upon the tactical situation and the amount and nature 
of ground available. However, in general, the form and dimensions 
of a regimental or battalion camp should conform as nearly as practic¬ 
able to the diagram on the opposite page, and camps of all sizes 
should, as far as possible, conform to the principles, regarding arrange¬ 
ment, underlying the diagram given on the opposite page, which gives 
the general form, dimensions, and interior arrangements of a camp for 
a regiment of Infantry at war strength. In certain cases, particularly 
in one-night halts in the presence of the enemy, camps must of neces¬ 
sity be contracted, while in other cases, where a more extended halt is 
contemplated and where tactical reasons will permit, better camp 
sanitation may be secured, and a more comfortable arrangement made 
by the expansion of camp areas. 

70. Making camp. The command should be preceded by the com¬ 
manding officer or a staff officer, who selects the camp site, and 
designates, by planting stakes, the lines of tents, the positions of the 
sinks, guard tent, kitchens, picket line, etc. 

After the companies are marched to their proper positions and 
arms are stacked, the details for guard and to bring wood, water, dig 
sinks, pitch tents, handle rations, etc., should be made before ranks are 
broken. 

Immediately upon reaching camp and before the men are allowed 
to go around, patrolling sentinels should be established to prevent men 
from polluting the camp site or adjoining ground before the sinks are 
constructed. 

Sentinels should be posted over the water supply without delay. 

As soon as the tents have been pitched and the sinks dug, the 
camp should be inspected and all unnecessary sentinels relieved. 

The tents should be pitched and the sinks dug simultaneously. 

Should the troops reach camp before the wagons, the companies 
may be divided into squads and set to work clearing the ground, 
gathering fire wood, collecting leaves, grass, etc., for beds, etc. 


[ 56 ] 


70 (contd.) 


CAMP OF A REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, WAR STRENGTH 

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[57] 


345 Yds, 

















71-72-73-74-75-76-77 

The moment a command reaches camp its officers and men usually 
want to go here and there under all sorts of pretexts. No one should 
be allowed to leave camp until all necessary instructions have been 
given. 

Enlisted men should not be permitted to leave camp without 
permission of their company commanders. 

Sick call should be held as soon as practicable after the tents have 
been pitched. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

71. Retreat. In camp retreat formation should always be under 
arms, an officer being present with each company and inspecting the 
arms. 

72. Parade ground. In front of every camp of permanent nature, 
there should be a parade ground for drills and ceremonies. 

73. Camping on fordable stream. In camping for the night on a 
fordable stream that is to be crossed, cross before going into camp, 
unless there is some tactical reason for not doing so; for a sudden rise, 
or the appearance of the enemy, might prevent the crossing the next 
morning. 

74. Windstorms. Whenever windstorms are expected, the tent 
pegs should be secured and additional guy ropes attached to the tents. 

Tents may be prevented from blowing down by being made fast 
at the corners to posts firmly driven into the ground, or by passing 
ropes over the ridge poles and fastening them to pegs firmly set into 
the ground. 

75. Making tent poles and pegs fast in loose soil. If the soil be 
loose or sandy, stones or other material should be placed under the 
tent poles to prevent their working into the soil, thus leaving the tent 
slack and unsteady. When the soil is so loose that the pegs will not 
hold at all, fasten the guy ropes to brush, wood or rocks buried in the 
ground. 

76. Trees sometimes dangerous. While trees add 
very*much to the comfort of a camp, care should be exer¬ 
cised not to pitch tents near trees whose branches or 
trunks might fall. 

77. Improvised conveni¬ 
ences. It is surprising to what 
extent, with a little ingenuity 
and hustling, one can impro¬ 
vise with material available in 
the field, various articles, such camp Broom. 



The Camp Fire Crane. 



[ 58 ] 




78-79-80-81-82-83 

as brooms, candlesticks, heating devices, etc., which,'to 
all practical purposes, answer their purpose in every way. 

Field service offers excellent opportunity for the exer¬ 
cise of initiative and individuality, and every man should be 
“a natural born hustler,” bearing in mind the injunction 
that, “The Lord helps those who help themselves.” 

78. A good camp lamp can be made by 
using clear tallow fat, (fat of animals), 
melted down and put in an old tin can. Im¬ 
provise a wick from unravelled cotton or tent 
canvas, put one end in can and the other end 
on edge of can and wire. 

79. A good camp candlestick. A safe one 
can be improvised from a potato with a hole in it—bottom 
sliced off so it will stand firmly—or an old can partly filled 
with dirt. 

80. A good camp spoon, knife and fork can be made 
from a shell and split stick. A fork can easily be whittled, 
and a good knife made from a piece of tin cut from an old 

can and inserted in a split stick; lash it tight with wire. 


Camp Pot, Hook 
And Poker. 







81. A good dinner plate or cooking utensil, 

from a piece of green thick barky tree, using 
smooth part for food. 

82. Any old tin can. Top care¬ 
fully burnt out over camp fire, then 

scoured makes a good cup or small cooking utensil. 

Make handle of wire as shown in illustration. 

83. Frying or broiling without utensils. Use the green, thick bark 



The Bark Plate and Broiler 

of a tree, rough side down on fire. Use the camp fire tongs (as illus¬ 
trated on page 264) or make a toaster and broiler as shown, from a 

[ 59 ] 












84-85-86 

stick having a split end which will hold the meat over a hot coal 
fire. Don’t pierce the meat. 

Always carry a small bag of salt in the haversack. 

84. A reliable camp clock. A very accurate 
one can be improvised by making a sun dial of a 
piece of stick stuck in the earth where the sun’s 
rays can cast the shadow of the stick on the 
ground. You can mark the ground most accur¬ 
ately if one of your party has a watch. Then the 
clock will serve you well, when the man with 
the watch is gone. 

85. Don’t spoil a good knife. In opening tin cans in camp, take 
the camp axe. Cut a cross in the center and open the cuts afterward, 
but not with the fingers. 

86. To heat a tent without a stove. Build a camp fire near tent 
opening, surround it partly with a radiator of logs, bark of tree or 
brush, so as to throw the heat inside. 

Another Way. Throw into camp fire a lot 
of. stones, the larger the better, let them get red 
hot, put into bucket and carry into tent, invert 
the bucket over them, and it will surprise you. 

With a change of stones in the fire you can renew 
and keep warm all night long;.—or use camp 


Still Another Way. (Perfectly safe if com¬ 
mon sense is used). Dig a pit half a bucket in 
size somewhere in the tent. Fill it heaping full 
of red hot clear coals (embers) from the camp 
fire, taking care no unburnt or smoky wood is 
therein. Now cover this with the kettle or pail. 
With mud, plaster up the edges, and it will keep 
your tent and you warm all night long. Use 
camp pails (iron of course). 

And Still Another Way. Dig a trench from 
interior of tent to a fire in a hole outside of tent, 
covering the trench with old pieces of tin, sod, etc. To heat all the 
space in the tent, dig a trench all the way through the tent, having 
the fire at one end of trench and the chimney at the other, both fire 
and chimney, being, of course, outside. The hot air passing through 
the trench-flue will keep the tent warm. 





[ 60 ] 







87-88-89-90-91-92-93-94-95 

87. In case of fire in tent. If serious, lay hold of the bottom of 
the bedding and pull out, and with a blanket smother the fire quickly. 
If fire is caught in time you can smother it. 

Let the tent go, but save the outfit herein, if possible. You can 
improvise shelter but not the outfit, so save that part first. 

88. To find out correctly how the winds blow. If the wind is 
very light, place your finger in your mouth for a minute, moisten it, 
then hold it in the air.- The coolest side indicates the direction from 
which the wind blows. 




7 


89. A good fire shovel. Can be made, 
of a piece of tin and a split stick; it is also 
an excellent broiler. 


90. How to sleep warm. Sheets of paper, or an old newspaper 
sewed between two blankets, equals three blankets. A thin vest lined 
with paper equals two. 

In cold weather, it is most important both for comfort and 
health that the extremities be kept warm at night. A sweater with 
high rolling collar, a pair of heavy woolen socks and a woolen knitted 
nightcap are excellent for this purpose, being equivalent to two or 
three blankets. 

The feet may be kept warm by inclosing them in paper bags, 
tied around the ankles. 

91. Chafing. If the seams of underwear chafe or gall the skin, 
turn inside out. Common corn starch is a most excellent talcum or 
chafing preventative and cure. 

92. If soaking wet. If soaking wet and no dry clothes handy 
take off wet garments and wring them out as dry as possible—put 
on again,—you are less liable to take cold, and will be much warmer 
besides. 


93. Burn up all kitchen and table refuse. Even potato 
skins and wet tea or coffee, grounds, burn out even tin cans in 
the camp fire, if thrown out they are fly and maggot breeders, 
and mean lots of flies in camp. Burnt out and thrown aside 
they are harmless. 

94. To test the freshness of meats, game, etc. Thrust 
knife blade into center of flesh—remove the blade; your 
nose to the knife blade will do the rest. Meat is often fresh 
outside when the inside is not. Your nose can’t tell inside— 

Camp the knife blade can. 

Tungs. 95. For washing flannels ahd woolens. Don’t wring out, 
hang them up dripping wet and they won’t wrinkle up or shrink. 


[ 61 ] 









96-97-98-99-100-101-102-103-104 

96. To keep fresh meats, game, etc. By hanging in old sack, 
sack opening downward; secure with cord, tied to legs of game; then 
take a few branches of leaves and cover; the rustle of these leaves 
will help keep the flies away and the meat cool. Fasten the bottom 
opening with splinters of wood, so you can get at meat without trouble. 

97. Biscuit cutter and rolling pin. The tin baking powder can 
cover makes an excellent biscuit cutter and any bottle a good rolling 
pin—even an unopened can. 

98. To cool water. Any old well soaked cloths, wrapped around 
outside of bottle or bucket will, if hung in the shade, help cool con¬ 
tents. Remove the cork. 

Water may also be cooled by wetting the canteen and then hanging 
in a cool place. 

99. Clothes hanger. A wire or rope stretched across upper part 
of the vertical tent poles makes a good clothes hanger. 

100. Hot water bottle. A canteen filled with boiling water is a . 
foot warmer (a hot water bottle for your camp bed), that insures 
you the warmth of an extra blanket, and is invaluable in emergencies 
of camp sickness. 

101. Life preservers. Three or four empty canteens, tightly 
corked and fastened together, make a very good life preserver. 

102. A good camp bed for tents, or tent carpet. Take fine ends 
of any branch clippings, and plenty of them. Commence at the head 
of tent, lay rows of them butts to the rear, in successive layers. 
If this is done right and carefully and ends locked with a log rolled 
on so as to hold end in place, an extremely soft bed is the result. 
Over this spread a piece of canvas or blanket. 

103. If thirsty and can’t find water. Place a pebble or button 
in the mouth and keep it there; it will surprise you with the result, 
and relieve that dryness entirely—try it. 

104. Lost in camp. When you find you have lost your way, don’t 
lose your head—keep cool; try and not let your brains get into your 
feet. By this, we mean, don’t run around and make things worse, 
and play yourself out. First: Sit down and think; cool off, then 
climb a tree, or hill, and endeavor to locate some familiar object you 
passed, so as to retrace your steps. If it gets dark, build a rousing 
camp fire. Ten to one you will be missed from camp, and your 
comrades will soon be searching for you, and your fire will be seen 
by them. Give distress' signals, but don’t waste all your ammunition 
thus. It’s ten to one morning and a clear head, after a comfortable 


[ 62 ] 


105-106-107 

night (if you make it so), will reveal to you the fact that your camp 
is much closer to you than you imagined. 

To locate position—note the limbs and bark of trees—the north 
side of trees can be noted by the thickness and general roughness. 
Moss most generally is to be found near the roots on the north side. 
Note also, limbs or longer branches, which generally are to be found 
longer on south side of trees, while the branches exposed to the 
north most generally are knotty, twisted and drooped. In the forest 
the tops of the pine trees dip or trend to the north; also: If you 
find water, follow it; it generally leads somewhere—where civilization 
exists. The tendency of people lost, is to travel in a circle uselessly; 
by all means, keep cool, and deliberate. Blaze your way, by leaving 
marks on trees to indicate the direction you have taken. 

105. To make a fire without matches. Take a dry handkerchief 
or cotton lining of your coat, scrape out a very fine lint, a few hand¬ 
fuls, by using the crystal of your watch, compass or spectacle, a sun 
glass can be made that will ignite the lint, which can be blown to fire. 

Another Way. Sprinkle powder of cartridge as a fuse to the 
cotton lint, and with the cartridge percussion cap you can easily 
ignite the lint, dry moss, leaves, etc. 

Still Another Way. Take scrapings of very fine pine wood, find 
a piece of quartz or hard ragged rock, by using your knife or bayonet 
as a steel you have a practical flint and steel. If you haven’t these 
things, use two pieces of rough, jagged stone and by striking them 
together sharply in slanting blows you can ignite the lint or scrapings. 

106. To dry inside of wet boots, shoes, etc. The last thing at 
night take a few handfuls of clean dry pebbles, heat them in frying 
pan, kettle or campfire until very hot, place them in the boots or shoes, 
they will dry them out thoroughly in a few hours, shake once in a 
while. Oats or corn may also be used, but they are not available 
always and pebbles are. Now is an excellent time to grease or oil 
them. 

107. To make a good camp lantern. From any ordinary clear 
glass bottle, if the bottle is long necked. Heat a piece of wire red 
hot, and wrap it around the part below the neck, the wide part, 
submerge the neck into a bucket of water and it will cut the part 
surrounded by the hot wire as smooth and clean as if cut to order. 
Now wire a handle to carry it by, with a loop over the bottom, fill 
full with moist dirt or sand, forming a hole therein with a round stick, 
insert your piece of candle in this hole, cover with a piece of old tin 


[63 J 


108-109-110-111-112 

can top (perforated with holes) and you have a good outside camp 
lantern. 

108. To keep matches dry. Cork a few in a small bottle. 

109. To correctly ascertain the points of the 
compass.* Face the sun in the morning; spread 
out your arms straight from the body—before 
you is east, behind you the west, to your right 
hand, the south, left, north, (accurately.) If the 
sun don’t shine, note the tops of pine trees, they 
invariably dip to the north. (See also lost in 
camp). 

109F2* Bathing. Be careful about bathing in 
strange places. Don’t dive; weeds may be at 
bottom or sharp rocks. Water that looks inviting often is full of 
treacherous, slimy weeds in which once caught it is almost impossible 
to get free. Look out for deep unseen mud holes. Better splash 
water over body than to take big risks. 

110. Drying clothes in cloudy weather. Build a dome-shaped 
work by bending twigs into a half circle, with ends in ground, over a 
smoldering fire, and place the clothes on the bent twigs. 

111. Fording streams. In case of a quick-sand bottom, send in a 
few men on foot to find a solid place. Stakes are then driven to 
mark the way, and the command crosses the stream. Wagons should 
not stop while crossing a stream, for in case of soft bottoms, they will 
likely get bogged. 

Mules should always be watered before starting to cross a 
stream—otherwise they will very likely stop to drink, and the wagon 
may get stuck. 

It is well to remember that the shallowest water is generally 
found from one salient—that is, one projecting point—of the bank 
to another, diagonally across. The bends and hollows or re-entrants 
usually have the deepest water. 

112. To cross an unfordable stream. If narrow, try to construct 
a bridge of some kind, or make a temporary crossing by felling trees 
opposite to each other on opposite sides. 

Wagon bodies covered with canvas or wagon sheets, lashed at 
the ends and fastened, make good boats. 



[ 64 ] 


113-114-115 


CHAPTER IX 

CAMP SANITATION 

113. Definition. By “Camp Sanitation” is meant the adoption of 
measures to keep the camp in a healthy condition. These measures 
comprise: 

(a) The disposal, so as to render them harmless and prevent pollu¬ 
tion, of all wastes, refuse and excreta from men and animals in suit¬ 
able places provided therefore; 

(b) The care exercised in handling, preparing and serving food; 

(c) The adequacy of shelter for the men; 

(d) The maintenance of proper drainage; 

(e) The supply of water for bathing and washing, and the main¬ 
tenance of a pure supply for drinking. 

114. Camp expedients. “Camp expedients” is the name given the 
mechanical means used to put into effect some of the measures, named 
abovs, connected with camp sanitation, and usually consist of latrines, 
kitchen sinks, urinal tubs, rock or earth incinerators, and drainage 
ditches. 

115. Latrines. The latrines must be dug immediately upon 
reaching camp—their construction must not be delayed until the 
camps have been pitched and other duties performed. The exact loca¬ 
tion of the latrines should be determined by the commanding officer, 
or by some officer designated by him, the following considerations 
being observed: 

1. They should be so located as not to contaminate the water 
supply. 

2. They should not be placed where they can be flooded by rain 
water from higher ground, nor should they be so placed that they can 
pollute the camp by overflow in case of heavy rains. 

3. They should be as far from the tents as is compatible with con¬ 
venience—if too near, they will be a source of annoyance; if too far, 
some men, especially at night, and particularly if affected with 
diarrhoea, will defecate before reaching the latrine. Under ordinary 
circumstances, a distance of about 50 yards is considered sufficient. 


[ 65 ] 


115 (contd.) 

Latrines for the men are always located on the opposite side of 
the camp from the kitchens, generally one for each company unit and 
one for the officers of a battalion or squadron. They are so placed 
that the drainage or overflow can not pollute the water supply or 
camp grounds. 

When the camp is for one night only, straddle trenches suffice. 
In camp of longer duration, and when it is not possible to provide 
latrine boxes, as for permanent camps, deeper trenches should be dug. 
These may be used as straddle trenches or a seat improvised. When 
open trenches are used the excrement must be kept covered at all 
times with a layer of earth. In more permanent camps the trenches 
should be 2 feet wide, 6 feet deep, and 15 feet long, and suitably 
screened. Seats with lids are provided and covered to the ground to 
keep flies from reaching the deposits; urinal troughs discharging into 
trenches are provided. Each day the latrine boxes are thoroughly 
cleaned, outside by scrubbing and inside by applying, when necessary, 
a coat of oil or whitewash. The pit is burned out daily with approxi¬ 
mately 1 gallon oil and 15 pounds straw. When filled to within 2 feet 
of the surface, such latrines are discarded, filled with earth, and their 
position marked. All latrines and kitchen pits are filled in before the 
march is resumed. In permanent camps and cantonments, urine tubs 
may be placed in the company streets at night and emptied after 
reveille. 

All latrines must be filled before marching. The following illustra¬ 
tion shows a very simple and excellent latrine seat which can be made 
and kept in the company permanently for use in camps on the march: 



Fig. 1 

Urinal troughs, made of muslin and coated with oil or paint, should 
discharge into the trenches. 


[ 66 ] 






















116-117 

116. Urinal tubs. When obtainable, urinal tubs or cans should be 
placed in the company streets at night, their location being indicated 
by lighted lanterns, the tubs or cans being removed at reveille. 

117. Kitchens. Camp kettles can be hung on a 
support consisting of a green pole lying in the crotches 
of two upright posts of the same character. A narrow' 
trench for the fire about 1 foot deep, dug under the 
pole, not only protects the fire from the wind but saves 
fuel. 

A still greater economy of fuel can be ^ . 

effected by digging a similar trench in the 
direction of the wind and slightly narrower 
than the diameter of the kettles. The 
kettles are then placed on the trench and 
the space between the kettles filled in with 
stones, clay, etc., leaving the flue running 
beneath the kettles. The draft can be improved by building a chimney 
of stones, clay, etc., at the leeward end of the flue. 

Four such trenches radiating from a 
common central chimney will give one flue 
for use whatever may be the direction of 
the wind. 

A slight slope of the flue, from the 
chimney down, provides for drainage and 
improves the draft. 

The lack of portable ovens can be met by ovens constructed of 
stone and covered with earth to better retain the heat. If no stone is 
available, an empty barrel, with one head out, is laid on its side, 
covered with wet clay to a depth of 6 or more inches and then with a 
layer of dry earth equally thick. A flue is constructed with the clay 
above the closed end of the barrel, which is then burned out with a 
hot fire. This leaves a baked clay covering for the oven. 

A recess can be similarly constructed with boards or even brush¬ 
wood, supported on a horizontal pole resting on upright posts, covered 
and burnt out as in the case of the barrel. 

When clay banks are available, an oven may be excavated therein 
and used at once. 

To bake in such ovens, first heat them and then close flues and 
ends. 

Food must be protected from flies, dust, and sun. Facilities must 
be provided for cleaning and scalding the mess equipment of the men. 
Kitchens and the ground around them must be kept scrupulously clean. 



Fig. 4 


[ 67 ] 




118-119 

Solid refuse should be promptly burned, either in the kitchen fire 
or in an improvised crematory. 

In temporary camps, if the soil is porous, liquid refuse from the 
kitchens may be strained through gunny sacking into seepage pits dug 
near the kitchen. Flies must not have access to these pits. Boards or 
poles, covered with brush or grass and a layer of earth may be used 
for this purpose. The strainers should also be protected from flies. 
Pits of this kind, dug in clayey soil, will not operate successfully. All 
pits should be filled with earth before marching. 

As a precautionary measure against setting the camp on fire, all 
dry grass, underbrush, etc., in the immediate vicinity of the kitchen 
should be cut down. 

In case of a fire in camp, underbrush, spades, shovels, blankets, 
etc., are used to beat it out. 

Gunny sacks dipped in water are the best fire fighters. 

Burning away dried grass and underbrush around exterior of 
camp is a great protection against fire from outside. 

118. Kitchen pits. Pits of convenient size should be constructed 
for the liquid refuse from the kitchens. Solid refuse should be 
burned either in the kitchen fire or at some designated place, de¬ 
pending upon whether the camp is of a temporary or permanent 
nature. Unless the camp be of a very temporary nature, the pits 
should be covered with boards or other material in order to exclude 
the flies. 

All pits should be filled in with earth before breaking camp. 

119. Incinerators. The incineration pit shown in Fig. 5 on the 
following page affords an excellent, simple and economical way of 
disposing of camp waste and offal, tin cans and dish-water included. 

Description: 

The pit is about 4feet long, \ l / 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep at 
one end and 2 y 2 at the other. It is partiall}' filled with stones, the 
larger ones on the bottom and the smaller on the top. At one end of 
the pit the stones extend a little above the surface, and slope gra¬ 
dually toward the other end until the fire pit is reached ten inches 
below the surface of the trench. Over the fire pit, about five inches 
above the ground, is placed a crab or a piece of boiler iron, on which 
is boiled all the water for washing dishes, etc. The fire pit is only 
about one-half of the stone surface, as the radiated heat keeps the 
rest of the stones hot, causing all dish and slop water to evaporate 
quickly. 


[ 68 ] 


120 



Any tin cans that may be thrown into the fire pit are removed 
after a short exposure to the heat and placed in a trench especially 
dug for the purpose. 

The company incinerator shown below was used with great 
success by some of our troops at Texas City, Texas. The rocks 
should not be too large. The men should be instructed to drop all 
liquid on the sides of the incinerator and throw all solid matter on 
the fire—the liquids will thus be evaporated and the solids burned. 
Until the men learn how to use the incinerator properly, a noncom¬ 
missioned officer should be detailed to supervise its use. 

120. Drainage. When camp is established for an indefinite 
period, drainage should be attended to at once. Each tent should 
have a shallow trench dug around it and the company and other 
streets ditched on both sides, all the trenches and ditches connecting 


T69] 






















121-122-123 



Fig. 6 


with a ditch that carries the water from the camp. All surface drain¬ 
age from higher ground should be intercepted and turned aside. 

121. Avoiding old camp sites. The occupation of old camp sites 
is dangerous, since these are often permeated by elements of disease 
which persist for considerable periods. 

122. Changing camp sites. Camp sites must be changed 
promptly when there is evidence of soil pollution or when epidemic 
disease threatens. Also, a change of camp site is often desirable in 
order to secure a change of surroundings and to abandon areas that 
have become dusty and cut up. 

123. Bunks. Place a number of small poles about seven feet 
long close together, the upper ends resting on a cross pole about six 


[ 70 ] 




































124-125 

inches in diameter and the lower ends resting on the ground; or, the 
poles may be raised entirely off the ground by being placed on cross 
poles supported by forked stakes at the corners; on the poles place 
grass, leaves, etc. 

124. Wood. The firewood should be collected, cut and piled 
near the kitchen. Dry wood is usually found under logs or roots of 
trees. 

If wagons are not heavily loaded it is sometimes a good plan to 

bring a few sticks of dry wood from the preceding camp, or to pick 

up good wood en route. 

125. Water. Precautionary measures should always be taken 
to prevent the contamination of the water, and a guard from the 
first troops reaching camp should at once be placed over the water 
supply. 

If the water is obtained from a stream, places should be desig¬ 
nated as follows for getting water: 

(1) For drinking and cooking; 

(2) For watering animals; 

(3) For bathing and for washing clothing. 

The first designated place should be farthest up the stream; the 
others, in the order named, downstream. 

Where two bodies of troops are* to camp on the same stream one 
must not pollute the water to be used by the other. This can be 
arranged by the commanders agreeing upon a point where both 
commands will obtain their drinking water, upon a second point 
where animals will be watered, etc. 

If the stream be small, the water supply may be increased by 
building a dam. 

Small springs may be dug out and each lined with a gabion, or a 
barrel or box with both ends removed, or with stones, the space be¬ 
tween the lining and the earth being filled with puddled clay. A rim 
of clay should be built to keep out surface drainage. The same 
method may be used near swamps, streams, or lakes to increase or 
clarify the water supply. 

Water that is not known to be pure should be boiled 20 minutes; 
it should then be cooled and aerated by being poured repeatedly from 
one clean container to another, or it may be purified by appartus 
supplied for the purpose. 

Arrangements should be made for men to draw water from the 
authorized receptacles by means of a spigot or other similar arrange- 


[ 71 ] 


126 

ment. The dipping of water from the receptacles, or the use of a 
common drinking cup, should be prohibited. 

In the field it is sometimes necessary to sterilize or filter water. 
The easiest and surest way of sterilizing water is by boiling. Boiled 
water should be aerated by being poured from one receptacle to 
another or by being filtered through charcoal or clean gravel. Un¬ 
less boiled water be thus aerated it is very unpalatable and it is with 
difficulty that troops can be made to drink it. 

Filtration merely clarifies—it does not. purify. The following 
are simple methods of filtration: 

1. Dig a hole near the source of supply so that the water may 
percolate through the soil before being used. 

2. Sink a barrel or box into the ground, the water entering there¬ 
in through a wooden trough packed with clean sand, gravel or char¬ 
coal. 

3. Place a box or ba/rel in another box or barrel of larger size, 
filling the space between with clean sand, gravel, moss or charcoal, 
and piercing holes near the bottom of the outer barrel and near the 
top of the inner. The filter thus constructed is partly submerged in 
the water to be filtered. 

4. Bore a small hole in the bottom of a barrel or other suitable 
receptable, which is partly filled with layers of sand, gravel, and, if 
available, charcoal and moss. Thfe water is poured in at* the top and 
is collected as it emerges from the aperture below. 

The amount of water used by troops is usually computed at the 
rate of five gallons for each man and ten gallons for each animal per 
day. 

126. Rules of sanitation. The following rules of sanitation are 
to be observed: 

Men should not lie on damp ground. In temporary camps and 
in bivouac they raise their beds if suitable material, such as straw, 
leaves, or boughs can be obtained, or use their ponchos or slickers. 
In cold weather and when fuel is plentiful the ground may be warmed 
by fires, the men making their beds after raking away the ashes. 

When troops are to remain in camp for some time all underbrush 
is cleared away and the camp made as comfortable as possible. 
Watering troughs, shelter in cold weather, and shade in hot, are pro¬ 
vided for the animals, if practicable. 

The camp is policed daily after breakfast and all refuse matter 
burned. 


[ 72 ] 


126 (contd.) 

Teqt walls are raised and the bedding and clothing aired daily, 
weather permitting. 

Tents must be kept clean and in order. 

The company street and the ground around the tents must be 
kept clean. 

Food, slop water, rags, paper, empty tin cans, and other trash 
and refuse must not be thrown on the ground, but should be put 
in the box, can or other receptacle provided for the purpose or 
thrown into the incinerator. 

The food must be protected from flies, dust and sun. 

Under no circumstances must the company street or any other 
part of the camp grounds be defiled by urinating or deficating there¬ 
on. The urinal tub and the latrine must invariably be used. 

When an open trench is used as a sink, each individual must 
always cover his excrement with dirt. 

If the sink is inclosed by a box with stool-covers, the covers must 
always be put down as soon as one is through using them so as to 
keep out the flies. However it is found in practice that men will 
not do this therefore it is a good plan to construct the covers so that 
they will close automatically when a man rises from the seat. 

Kitchen garbage must be burned in a pit or incinerator, or put 
into covered cans and hauled away. The covers must be kept on the cans 
at all times , so as to keep out the flies. 

Horses are not to be ridden through camp except on the roadways. 

As soon as a tent is pitched it should be ditched. 

When it rains the guy ropes must be loosened to prevent the 
tent pegs from pulling out and the tent falling down. 

The body and the clothes should be cleaned daily as thoroughly 
as the means at hand will permit. 

In the morning wash the face and neck and don’t fail to use 
your tooth brush afterward. 

In the continued absence of opportunity for bathing it is well to 
take an air bath and a moist or dry rub before getting into fresh 
underclothes. 

If the lack of opportunity to wash clothes continues for any length 
of time, soiled clothes and bedding must be frequently exposed to 
the sun and air. Sunshine is a good germ killer. 

If there are mosquitoes in camp, mosquito bars must be used by 
men when asleep, and headnets by men on guard and other duty. 
Also, if in a malarial country, about five grains of quinine should be 
taken daily, preferably just before supper. In localities where a 


[ 73 ] 


127 

pernicious form of malaria prevails, daily doses of ten grains of 
quinine should be given. 

In the tropics troops are required to camp at least 500 yards away 
from all native huts or villages as a preventative measure against 
malaria. Men are also prohibited from visiting these places at night 
for the same reason. 

Clean your mess kit thoroughly -after every meal, if practicable, 
washing same with soap and boiling water. 

The company cooks must keep everything in the kitchen and mess 
tent clean with hot water and! soap. Boil the utensils and dish rags, 
and be sure to throw all slops and garbage into the kitchen incin¬ 
erator. 

Rest and sleep are most important to preserve the health, so, keep 
the body rested by plenty of sleep. Do not join idle parties going 
to walk the streets of the nearest town at nights, nor sit up late play¬ 
ing cards. 

Observe in camp even with greater care than when in barracks 
the rules of health and personal hygiene. 

127. Your camp, ycur home. A soldier should always look upon 
his camp as his home, which it is for the time being. Your tent is 
your bedroom; the company street, your sitting-room; the latrine, 
your toilet; the mess tent, your dining-room; the camp kitchen, your 
kitchen; the bathing facilities, your bathroom. And as you are care¬ 
ful about keeping your bedroom and the other rooms of your home 
in a clean and orderly condition, so should you do your share to keep 
your tent and the other parts of camp in a clean, sanitary condition. 


[ 74 ] 


128 - 129-130 


CHAPTER X 

CONDUCT OF TROOPS IN THE FIELD 

128. General. The conduct of troops in the field, and respect 
for property rights, are matters of such importance that they- are 
made the subjects of two Articles of War,—the 89th and the 105th. 

129. Good order to be maintained and wrongs redressed. All 
persons subject to military law are to behave themselves orderly in 
quarters, garrison, camp, and on the march; and any person sub¬ 
ject to military law who commits any waste or spoil, or willfully 
destroys any property whatsoever (unless by order of his command¬ 
ing officer), or commits any kind of depredation or riot, shall be 
punished as a court-martial may direct. Any commanding officer 
who, upon complaint made to him, refuses or omits to see reparation 
made to the party injured, in so far as the offender’s pay shall go 
toward such reparation, as provided for in article one hundred and 
five, shall be dismissed from the service, or otherwise punished, as 
a court-martial may direct. (89th Article of War.) 

130. Redress for injury to property. Whenever complaint is 
made to any commanding officer that damage has been done to the 
property of any person or that his property has been wrongfully 
taken by persons subject to military law, such complaint shall be 
investigated by a board consisting of any number of officers from one 
to three, which board shall be convened by the commanding officer 
and shall have, for the purpose of such investigation, power to 
summon witnesses and examine them upon oath or affirmation, to 
receive depositions or other documentary evidence, and to assess 
the damages sustained against the responsible parties. The assess¬ 
ment of damages made by such board shall be subject to the approval 
of the commanding officer, and in the amount approved by him shall 
be stopped against the pay of the offenders. And the order of such 
commanding officer directing stoppages herein authorized shall be 
conclusive on any disbursing officer for the payment by him to the 
injured parties of the stoppages so ordered. 

Where the offenders can not be ascertained, but the organization 
or detachment to which they belong is known, stoppages to the 


[ 75 ] 


131 


amount of damages inflicted may be made and assessed in such pro¬ 
portion as may be deemed just upon the individual members there¬ 
of who are shown to have been present with such organization or 
detachment at the time the damages complained of were inflicted as 
determined by the approved findings of the board. (105th Article 
of War.) 

131. General Pershing’s order governing conduct of troops in 
France. Apropos of the treatment of the subject of the conduct of 
troops in general, especially when in the field, it is considered in 
every way appropriate at this time (July, 1917) to reproduce in this 
book the following order issued by General Pershing, governing the 
conduct of our troops in France: 

“For the first time in history an American army is in Europe. 
The good name of the United States and the maintenance of cordial 
relations require the perfect deportment of each member thereof. 
It is of the gravest importance at all times to treat respectfully the 
French people, especially women, who should be shown the greatest 
courtesy and consideration. 

“The valiant deeds of the French armies and their allies in success¬ 
fully maintaining a common cause for three years of war • and the 
sacrifices of the civil population to support the armies command pro¬ 
found respect, which can best be expressed by uniform courtesy 
to all the French people and faithful observance of the laws and 
customs of the country. 

“The intense cultivation of the soil under the conditions of war 
make necessary the exercise of extreme care so as not to damage 
private property. The entire French manhood capable -of bearing 
arms is on the field fighting the enemy. It should therefore be a 
point of honor to avoid damage to any property in France. Such 
conduct is most reprehensible. We must honor them as in our own 
country.” 


[ 76 ] 


132 - 133 - 134-135 


CHAPTER XI 

INDIVIDUAL COOKING 

132. Importance of individual cooking. It often happens in 
campaign that it is impossible to have the field ranges and cooking 
utensils accompany the troops, and in such case each man must cook 
his own food in his mess kit. Also, it frequently happens that de¬ 
tachments operating away from their companies must do individual 
cooking. 

All food we eat should be properly cooked, if not, stomach or 
intestinal trouble will result. Hence, the importance of every soldier 
learning how to cook in his mess kit the main components of the 
ration. 

133. Fire. Remember that the best fire for cooking is a small, 
clear one, or better yet, a few brisk coals. Dig a hole in the ground 
with your bayonet and make your fire in it with dry wood, starting 
it with paper, shavings, dry leaves or dry grass. 

If preferred the fire may be made between two small flat stones 
or bricks, care being taken to so place the stones that the draft 
will pass between them. The mess pan can be placed on the stones, 
across the fire, and the cup for boiling the coffee at the end away 
from the draft where it will get the most heat. 

This method will, as a rule, be necessary on rocky or stony 
ground. 

134. Recipes. The following recipes, which are based on the 
War Department publication, “Manual for Army Cooks,” require the 
use of only the soldier's mess kit,—knife, fork, spoon, cup, and mess 
pan: 

Meats 

135. Bacon. Cut side of bacon in half lengthwise. Then cut 
slices about five to the inch, three of which should generally be suffi¬ 
cient for one man for one meal. Place in a mess pan with about one- 
half inch of cold water. Let come to a boil and then pour the water 
off. Fry over a brisk fire, turning the bacon once and quickly brown¬ 
ing it. Remove the bacon to lid of mess pan, leaving the grease for 
frying potatoes, onions, rice flapjacks, etc., according to recipe. 


[ 77 ] 


136-137-138-139 

136. Fresh meat. To fry .—To fry, a small amount of grease (1 
to 2 spoonfuls) is necessary. Put grease in mess pan and let come 
to a smoking temperature, then dry in the steak and, if about one- 
half inch thick, let fry for about one minute before turning—depend¬ 
ing upon whether it is desired it shall be rare, medium, or well done. 
Then turn and fry briskly as before. Salt and pepper to taste. 

Applies to beef, veal, pork, mutton, venison, etc. 

137. Fresh meat. To broil .—Cut in slices about 1 inch thick, 
from half as large as the hand to four times that size. Sharpen a 
stick or branch of convenient length, say from 2 to 4 feet long, and 
weave the point of the stick through the steak several times so that 
it may be readily turned over a few brisk coals or on the windward 
side of a small fire. Allow to brown nicely, turning frequently. Salt 
and pepper to taste. Meat with considerable fat is preferred, though 
any meat may be broiled in this manner. 

138. Fresh meat. To stew .—Cut into chunks from one-half inch 
to 1 inch cubes. Fill cup about one-third full of meat and cover with 
about 1 inch of water. Let boil or simmer about one hour or until 
tender. Add such fibrous vegetables as carrots, turnips, or cabbage, 
cut into small chunks, soon after the meat is put on to boil, and 
potatoes, onions, or other tender vegetables when the meat is about 
half done. Amount of vegetables to be added, about the same as 
meat, depending upon supply and taste. Salt and pepper to taste. 
Applies to all fresh meats and fowls. The proportion of meat and 
vegetables used varies with their abundance and fixed quantities can 
not be adhered to. Fresh fish can be handled as above, except that 
it is cooked much quicker, and potatoes, onions, and canned corn are 
the only vegetables generally used with it, thus making a chowder. 
A slice of bacon would greatly improve the flavor. May be con¬ 
veniently cooked in mess pan or tin cup. 

Fresh Vegetables 

139. Potatoes, fried. Take two medium-sized potatoes or one 
large one (about one-half pound), peel and cut into slices about one- 
fourth inch thick and scatter well in the mess pan in which the 
grease remains after frying the bacon. Add sufficient water to half 
cover the potatoes, cover with the lid to keep the moisture in, and let 
come to a boil from fifteen to twenty minutes. Remove the cover 
and dry as desired. Salt and pepper to taste. During the cooking 
the bacon already prepared may be kept on the cover, which is 
most conveniently placed bottom side up over the cooking vegetables. 


[ 78 ] 


140 - 141 - 142 - 143 - 144-145 


140. Onions, fried. Same as potatoes. 

141. Potatoes, boiled. Peel two medium-sized potatoes or one 
large one (about one-half pound), and cut in coarse chunks of about 
the same size—say 1^2-inch cubes. Place in mess pan and three- 
fourths fill with water. Cover with lid and let boil or simmer for 
fifteen or twenty minutes. They are done when easily penetrated 
with a sharp stick. Pour off the water and let dry out for. one or two 
minutes over hot ashes or light coals. 

142. Potatoes, baked. Take two medium-sized potatoes or one 
large one cut in half (about one-half pound.) Lay in a bed of light 
coals, cover with same and smother with ashes. Do not disturb for 
thirty or forty minutes, when they should be done. 

143. Rice. Take two-thirds of a cup of water and bring to a 
boil. Add 4 spoonfuls of rice and boil until soft, that is, until it can 
be mashed by the fingers with but little resistance. This will require 
about 15 minutes. Add 2 pinches of salt and, after stirring, pour off 
the water and empty the rice out on the lid of the mess pan. 

144. Canned Tomatoes. One 2-pound can is generally sufficient 
for five men. 

Stew. Pour into the mess pan one man’s allowance of tomatoes, 
add about two large hardtacks broken into small pieces, and let 
come to a boil. Add salt and pepper to taste, or add a pinch of salt 
and one-fourth spoonful of sugar. 

Or, having fried bacon, pour the tomatoes into the mess pan, 
the grease remaining, and add, if desired, two broken hardtacks. Set 
over a brisk fire and let come to a boil. 

Or, heat the tomatoes just as they come from the can, adding two 
pinches of salt and one-half spoonful of sugar if desired. 

Or, especially in hot weather, eaten cold with hard bread they are 
very palatable. 

Hot Breads 

145. Flapjack. Take 6 spoonfuls of flour and one-third spoon¬ 
ful of baking powder and mix thoroughly (or dry mix in a large 
pan before issue, at the rate of 25 pounds of flour and three half- 
pound cans of baking powder for 100 men). Add sufficient cold water 
to make a batter that will drip freely from the spoon, adding a pinch 
of salt. Pour into the mess pan, which should contain the grease 
from fried bacon, or a spoonful of butter or fat, and place over 
medium hot coals sufficient to bake so that in from five to seven 
minutes the flapjack may be turned over by a quick toss of the pan. 


[ 79 ] 


146 - 147 - 148 - 149 - 150-151 

Fry from five to seven minutes longer or until, by examination, it 
is found to be done. 

146. Hoecake. Hoecake is made exactly the same as a flapjack 
by substituting corn meal for flour. 

Drinks 

147. Coffee. Fill cup about two-thirds full of water and when 
it boils add 1 heaping spoonful of coffee, and let boil 5 minutes. Stir 
grains well when adding. Add 1 spoonful of sugar, if desired. Let 
simmer ten minutes after boiling. Settle with a dash of cold water 
or let stand for a few minutes. 

148. Tea. Fill cup about two-thirds full of water and when it 
boils add y 2 spoonful of tea, and let boil 5 minutes. Add 1 spoonful 
of sugar, if desired. Let stand or “draw” 8 minutes. If allowed to 
stand longer, the tea will get bitter, unless separated from the 
grounds. 

149. Cocoa. Fill cup about two-thirds full of water and when it 
boils add 1 heaping spoonful of cocoa and let boil 5 minutes. Stir 
when adding until dissolved. Add 1 y 2 spoonful of sugar, if desired. 
Let cool. (If available, milk should be used instead of water, and 
should be kept somewhat below the boiling point. A 1-pound can 
of evaporated milk with Z x / 2 quarts of water will make 1 gallon of 
milk of the proper consistency for making cocoa or chocolate.) 

150. Chocolate. Same as cocoa, using 1 cubic inch of choco¬ 
late. 

Emergency Ration 

151. Emergency Rations. Detailed instructions as to the 
manner of preparing the emergency ration are found on the label 
with each can. Remember that even a very limited amount of bacon 
or hard bread, or both, taken with the emergency ration makes it 
far more palatable, and greatly extends the period during which it 
can be consumed with relish. For this reason it would be better to 
husband the supply of hard bread and bacon to use with the emer¬ 
gency ration when it becomes evident that the latter must be con¬ 
sumed, rather than to retain the emergency ration to the last ex¬ 
tremity to be used exclusively for a longer period than two or three 
days. 


[ 80 ] 


152 - 153-154 


CHAPTER XII 
FIELD COOKING 1 

152. Suspension of savings privilege. The regulations require 
that on the march, in concentration or maneuver camp, or in the field, 
the savings privilege be suspended and the troops subsisted on the 
ration in kind. It is also provided that the commanding officer will 
designate the ration to be issued to the troops, but that it shall not 
exceed the amount of any component authorized in garrison. 

153. Prevention of waste. To prevent waste there must be even 
closer supervision in camp than in garrison, especially when the 
individual mess kit is used. Each man is served from the issuing 
table and the general tendency is to issue too freely, the men taking 
away more than they will eat. The food left on the mess kit is 
wasted. The mess sergeant should closely supervise this issue and 
insist that the cooks and the dining-room orderly use care and judg¬ 
ment when serving. Through close observation the mess sergeant 
and the cooks may learn the proper portions for each individual. 

154. In permanent camp. The conveniences of a long-estab¬ 
lished camp gradually approach those of garrison, and where careful 
supervision is exercised, troops fare well. The savings privilege is 
often granted by special authority of the War Department to troops 
serving in permanent camp. Fresh beef may be supplied regularly 
and the bills of fare are much the same as in garrison. The dining¬ 
room arrangements are more simple and the kitchen work is greatly 
reduced because each man looks after his own individual mess kit. 

With the improvised bake ovens mentioned herein, plenty of rolls, 
buns, and biscuits can be baked. 

Flies are a pest in warm weather and in all camps of the least 
degree of permanence, the kitchen and dining-room should be 
screened. When this is not feasible, a screened cage may be made in 
which to keep the food. Coal oil should be freely used about the 
refuse cans to keep away flies and destroy their larva. The field 
expedients mentioned later are especially useful in permanent camp. 


1 From Manual for Army Cooks (1916). 

[81] 



155-156 

155. In temporary camp. In a temporary camp—of from 5 to 10 
days—the cooking is very much the same as in permanent camp. 
Meals are served to the men in the same manner and the same care 
must be exercised in the prevention of waste. In hot or wet weather 
a fly should be stretched over the range and the rations carefully 
protected. Frequently the escort wagon in which the rations are 
carried may be used for the storage of mess supplies, and a tent fly- 
should then be put up for the protection of the cooks and food before 
issue. When possible a wall tent and fly should be used in place of 
the arrangement just indicated. 

Though not absolutely necessary where the range is supplied, an 
excavation should be made in windy weather for the protection of 
the fire when an open grate is used. A pit 1 foot deep, with the 
additional protection afforded by the earth thrown upon the sides, 
will be ample. 

156. On the march. The savings privilege is suspended and the 
ration is designated by the commanding officer. The regulations 
require the issues to be made daily. The table given in paragraph 
197, showing the quantities of the component and substitutive articles 
allowed from 1 to 1,000 rations, will prove invaluable. 

The quartermaster of the troops should, if practicable, arrange in 
advance for the supply of fresh meat and bread along the route. If 
it can not be done, such quantity of fresh meat, dependent upon the 
weather, as can be carried without danger of spoiling, should be 
taken along. 

Several days’ supply of fresh bread may be carried under favor¬ 
able conditions. A field bakery unit and personnel may be attached 
to a command the size of a regiment. 

The above measures insure the two most important components 
of the ration for a few days, but bacon, canned meats, hard bread, 
and dried vegetables must be used on the march almost to the ex¬ 
clusion of these more bulky components. Dried vegetables and 
canned goods are convenient on account of their small bulk and the 
ease with which they can be transported. 

There is little time in the morning to prepare breakfast and no 
attempt should be made to have a great variety. A few components, 
good and substantial, including plenty of coffee, are about as much 
as can be provided. Upon arrival in camp it is necessary to get a 
quick meal, as the men are usually tired and hungry. The idea is to 
have something prepared quickly as a lunch. A fire should be started 
at once to heat water for coffee, which, with some form of canned 


*» 


157-158 

meat and bread, is sufficient. Then, while the company is making 
camp the cooks have ample time to prepare the main meal of the day, 
which is usually served in the late afternoon. 

The following bill of fare is suggested as an example of what might 
be prepared for one day on the march: 

BREAKFAST 

Fried bacon or beefsteak, boiled potatoes, bread, and coffee. 

LUNCH ON ARRIVAL IN CAMP 

Canned corned beef or fried baqon or canned salmon, cold canned tomatoes, hard 
or fresh bread, and coffee. 

DINNER 

Soup, boiled or roast beef, or other boiled or roasted meat, mashed potatoes, peas, 
corn or succotash, bread, and coffee. 

The improvised fireless cooker described in this chapter has been 
used to advantage on the march. 

157. In campaign. Troops subsist on the field ration. This 
ration is prescribed in orders by the commander of the field forces, 
and consists of the reserve ration in whole or in part supplemented 
by articles of food procured locally or brought from the rear. It is 
contemplated that sufficient articles of food will be added to make 
this reserve ration equal the garrison ration, when practicable. 

The arrangements for messing are dependent upon conditions and 
subject to many changes. These may approximate the arrange¬ 
ments in permanent camp or on the march where the company 
messes as a unit or the men may be required to cook individually, 
as when on patrol or in the presence of the enemy. It is best as a 
measure of economy and health to prepare the food for the organiza¬ 
tion as a whole rather than to issue it out to individuals or groups. 
Experience proves that the organization fares best when all mem¬ 
bers are present and the ration is handled by experienced men. This 
applies to the present field ration more than to any previously 
authorized. 

The bills of fare will be simple and the mess sergeant and cooks 
are compelled to use their utmost ingenunity to provide a variety. 
It is considered impracticable to suggest a bill of fare for the field, 
because the ration varies at different times from the reserve to the 
full garrison ration. 


Field Ranges 

158. The Army field range No. 1, complete, as described herein 
weighs approximately 264 pounds with utensils, and with the addi- 


[ 83 ] 


159 

tion of the Alamo attachment is designed to cook for 150 men. It 
consists essentially of two parts, viz.: the oven No. 41 and the boil¬ 
ing plate. The boiling plate has three sections, No. 42 and two other 
parts, forming the Alamo attachment No. 42A and 42B. 

To pack the utensils and range for transportation, place the bake 
pan No. 52 on the ground. Set boiler No. 50 inside of bake pan No. 
52; boiler No. 51 inside of boiler No. 50. Place tent guards inside of 
boiler No. 51 on bottom. Telescope the 4 joints of pipe. Inside of the 
pipe place 2 forks, 3 knives, 1 sharpener, 1 cleaver, and 2 folding lan¬ 
terns. Place joints of pipe containing utensils inside of boiler No. 51. 
Place meat chopper in boiler No. 51 alongside of joints of pipe. 
Place 2 basting spoons, 1 meat saw, and 1 skimmer in boiler No. 51 
on top of pipe. Cover with lid No. 51, then No. 50. Place bake pan 
No. 52 upside down over lid No. 50. Care should be taken that bake- 
pan handles are well down to sides of the pan. Nest 4 boilers Nos. 
48, 49, 53, and 54, No. 48 outside. Place stove-pipe elbow in No. 54. 
Place dippers alongside of elbow. Place covers Nos. 54, 53, 49, and 
48 on boilers in order named. Place nested boilers Nos. 48, 49, 53, 
and 54 in rear end of oven. Place bake pans and nested boilers in 
front end of oven. Close the oven door and lock with damper lock. 
Place 42A on left front corner of oven Nos. 41 and 42B on right front 
corner, inserting bar in crimp. This bar now rests against the pipe 
collar and prevents sliding. Place boiling plate No. 42 an top of 
range, eye fitting over stovepipe flange and engaging under the flat 
hook. Make secure by fastening hook on front of boiling plate to 
the lug on back of range. The range is now secure for transporta¬ 
tion. 

159. Installing the range. (See par. 167.) On the march the 
range is ordinarily set up by simply leveling the ground selected 
and placing the oven No. 41 and boiling plate No. 42 side by side, so 
that the oven door and fire-box door will be at*the same end. Draw 
in 42A and 42B and secure bar-lock. Insert 42A into 42 and rest 
42B snugly on the angle iron on the rear of the range. The oven 
should not be banked, as this would cause the sheet iron along the 
sides to warp and finally burn through. Sufficient earth, however, 
should be tamped along the sides and closed end to prevent the 
passage of gases beneath. This earth should not extend above the 
straps along the sides and under the oven door. 

When used for one day only it will be unnecessary to dig a 
trench, but if a few shovelfuls of earth are removed from the place 
to be covered by the boiling plate it will facilitate firing. The best 


rs4] 


160 - 161-162 

results are obtained by using short wood—keeping the fire well to¬ 
ward the firing end of the boiling plate—or, if using long sticks and 
branches, pushing them under the boiling plate as they are con¬ 
sumed. 

160. Trenching. If the range is to remain in place for several 
days, prepare trench as shown in par. 167. 

When the range is set up on different ground daily no difficulty 
will be experienced in obtaining the proper temperature in the oven, 
both for top and bottom heat. Whenever it remains for a longer 
time than one day in the same spot, the ground will become dried 
out and hot, and it may be necessary to elevate the bake pans slightly 
above the floor of the oven, thereby leaving an air space under the 
pans. This can be done by the use of angle irons or other means. 
Never use earth or sand on the bottom of the oven chamber, for 
by so doing a hole will soon be burned in the bottom plate. 

To install the range on a railroad car or on a wooden floor, see 
paragraph 316. 

161. Brick fire box. The trench may be eliminated by instal¬ 
ling the range on a brick wall about 8 inches thick and 3 bricks high. 
Set up the range temporarily and mark on the ground the outline of 
the oven, Alamo attachment, and boiling plate. Build the wall on 
the outline and on the line between the oven and boiling plate, the 
wall extending about 4 inches on each side of the outline, so that the 
base of the range will rest on the center of the wall. Then set up 
the range on the wall and fill up with earth or brick the space under 
the oven, except about 6 inches at the rear end. Bank the outside of 
the wall with earth. 

In a permanent camp (see par. 168) it is frequently necessary to 
evaporate waste under the range and to consume the garbage by the 
same fire. In this case dig a pit about 4 feet long, 3}4 feet wide, and 
2 feet deep, to give a reservoir for waste water. Fill the pit with 
cobblestones, leaving a fire box and a gas chamber under boiling 
plate and Alamo attachment as suggested for temporary installation. 
Place a length of stovepipe or any kind of chute at a convenient 
place anywhere along the side of the oven, arranging the rocks on 
which it rests so that there will be a free passage for the water. Pour 
in the waste water as it accumulates, retaining all solid matter with 
a wire screen. The solid matter is burned in the trench under the 
boiling plate, a little at a time, after the meal has been prepared. 

162. Reassembling for transportation. When reassembling for 
transportation, draw boiling plate No. 42 forward. Unfasten bar 


[ 85 ] 


163-164-165 

lock, pull apart, and remove 42A and 42B and proceed as indicated 
above. 

163. Remarks on handling the range. If properly installed, 
the oven will not be too hot on the bottom for ordinary baking, 
owing to the fact that the fire does not strike the range proper. A 
tin will be found inside the baking chamber, which may be used if 
for any reason the bottom of the oven is too hot. Should the bottom 
of the oven be too cold for efficient baking the tin should be removed. 
Articles brought to a boil on the boiling plate will continue to simmer 
if set on top of the oven or if placed alongside the oven. In this 
manner a dinner has been prepared for an entire battalion by adding 
the necessary utensils. A little care and judgment are necessary to 
secure satisfactory results. 

Coal should never be used when wood is obtainable. If possible, 
even when coal is used, part of the fuel should be wood, for the use 
of coal alone will quickly destroy the range. 

In permanent camp the space above and on the sides of the oven 
and the stovepipe should be cleaned at least once a week. This also 
applies to the boiling plates. The range, boiling plates, and pipes 
should be coated with a‘mixture of sugar and grease. This preser¬ 
vative prevents rust and gives a neat polished appearance to the 
range. 

164. Army field range No. 2.—The Army field range No. 2, 
complete, weighs about 150 pounds with utensils and is designed to 
cook for 55 men. This range is without the Alamo attachment. It 
consists essentially of two parts—the oven, No. 61, and boiling plate, 
No. 62. For transportation the boiling plate* is placed on top of the 
oven and the utensils (with flue) packed within the oven chamber. 

This range is installed in accordance with the principles explained 
for army field range No. 1. It has no Alamo attachment and the 
boiling plate is attached, end to end, to the rear of the oven, the 
projecting collar of the boiling plate being slipped into the space cut 
from the rear end of the oven for that purpose. (See par. 166.) The 
trench is dug under the boiling plate and extends about three inches 
under the rear end of the oven. 

165. To pack utensils and range for transportation place bake 
pan No. 52 on the ground. Set boiler No. 50 inside of bake pan No. 
52; boiler No. 51 inside of boiler No. 50. Place tent guards on 
bottom of boiler No. 51. Telescope the 4 joints of stovepipe. Inside 
of pipe place 2 forks, 2 knives, 1 sharpener, 2 spoons, 1 lantern 
(folding), and 1 skimmer. Place the joints of pipe containing uten- 


[ 86 ] 


166 

sils in boiler No. 51. Place dipper and elbow alongside the pipe. 
Place meat saw in bake pan No. 52 alongside the boilers. Cover 
boilers with lids No. 51 and No. 50. Place bake pan No. 52 upside 
down over lid No. 50. Place pans in the range oven. Place the 
boiling plate at the door end of the oven. Engage the flanges on the 
inner side of boiling plate with the lugs on the door end of the oven. 
Fasten the hook on boiling plate (firing end) to lug above the handle 
on the closed end of oven. The range is now secure for transporta¬ 
tion. 

166. Army field range, without Alamo attachment. 



r 87 j 




167 

167. Army Field Range No. 1. 



Upper figure shows Army field range No. 1 with Alamo attachment, assembled 
for use. In the lower figure, the solid lines show trenching for same and the 
dotted lines the trace of the base of the oven, boiling plate, and Alamo attachment. 


[ 88 ] 











168. 


168-169 



Equipment A 

It consists of the following utensils: 

1 cake turner. 

1 can, water, G. I., large. 

1 can, water, G. I., small. 

1 cleaver, meat. 

1 dipper, large. 

1 fork, meat, large. 

1 fire-iron set. 

3 kettles and covers, camp. 

1 knife, meat, large. 

4 pans, bake. 

This is the allowance under existing orders of cooking utensils 
where transportation is limited. 

169. Fireless cookers. A fireless cooker is an air-tight receptacle 
for the slow preparation of partly cooked food by heat stored up in 
the food, or mechanically introduced as when soapstones are used. 
It is also used to preserve the temperature of food cooked or uncooked. 

It is generally a box-like arrangement lined with a nonconducting 
material within which is the well or reservoir, into which the vessel 
containing the hot food is placed. 

Many different makes of fireless cookers are found on the market, 
and various material such as asbestos, paper felt, hay, indurated 
fiber, etc., are used as nonconductors. In some types heated soap¬ 
stones are placed in the well to keep the food at a cooking tempera¬ 
ture for long periods, or to supply the heat ordinarily given to the 
food before it is placed in the cooker. 


[ 89 ] 



















169 (contd.) 

To cook food requires the application of a certain amount of heat 
at a temperature between 130° and 385° F. (in the case of fireless 
cookers, between 130° and 212°) though the lower the temperature 
the longer the process will be. 

The object of a fireless cooker is simply to use the heat above 130° 
F. which has been stored in the food to finish cooking it. 

The advantages are: The food may be served warm on the march 
or upon arival in camp; it saves fuel; being a slow process it renders 
such food as tough meats tender and palatable; and the food, having 
been placed in the cooker, requires no further attention. 

To prepare food for cooking in the fireless cooker the general idea 
is to place food on the range and when sufficient heat has been stored 
up in it, to transfer the food directly to the cooker where cooking 
will continue as long as the temperature remains above 130° F. 

To get the best results, most articles of food to be cooked should 
be covered with liquid when put in the cooker. Such vegetables as 
potatoes, parsnips, etc., should be about half cooked, the water drained 
off, and then put into the cooker. The vegetable is then allowed to 
finish cooking with its retained heat, remaining in the cooker for a 
few hours only. 

A considerable amount of acid is found in tomatoes, and dishes 
containing them should not be permitted to remain in the fireless 
cooker or other tin receptacles for longer than four or five hours. 
Coffee should be first prepared by boiling in a sack in the regular 
boiler so that the grounds need not be placed in the cooker. 

The type of fireless cooker shown has proven as efficient as any on 
the market and more convenient for field service. Those on the 
market are too heavy and bulky for field use and are not popular in 
garrison. 

Used as an improvised cooker, two of the water cans and two 
10-gallon milk cans will provide one meal of coffee and hot beans or 
beef stew for 80 men. Eight of these cans will supply lunch for 
about 300 men and, when loaded on an escort wagon, leave sufficient 
room for rations and equipage. 

The food’can be prepared at the same time the cooks are preparing 
breakfast and placed in the cooker, which is loaded on the wagons, 
so as to be readily accessible when needed. 


[ 90 ] 


Improvised Fireless Cooker 


170-171 



Most satisfactory fireless cooker yet devised, which is a milk can placed within a 
water or ash can with hay or straw packed in between. In camp the large cans are 
used for water and the small ones for. cooking, so that no unnecessary impedimenta 
is carried. 


170. Rolling kitchens. There are several types on the market. 
Most of them consist of ranges or boilers mounted on running gears 
of carts or wagons, so that the cooking may be done while the kitchen 
is in motion. Many are also provided with separate wells or compart¬ 
ments.constructed on the principle of the fireless cooker, in which the 
food, already cooked, may be kept warm. 

These rolling kitchens or soup wagons are a great convenience to 
troops on the march or on the firing line, but considering the amount 
of transportation and road space they require, it is doubtful if they 
should be used except under special conditions, as where troops are 
occupying a more or less stationary firing line. 

171. Field expedients. Equipment A is used when transportation 
is limited. With this equipment only boiling and frying can be done 
unless improvised ovens are constructed. In the absence of the fire 
irons provided with the equipment, narrow trenches of suitable width 


[ 91 ] 





172 

or trunks of green trees or rocks may be arranged as convenient sub¬ 
stitutes. When time is available an oven in a bank or a mud field range 
should be constructed. These should be provided with openings on 
top, over which boilers may be placed for cooking. With this type of 
oven the cooking may be done on the top and afterwards the coals 
withdrawn and baking done in the chamber, or they may be used for 
baking and roasting only and the boiling otherwise provided for. 
By the latter method all portions of the meal may be cooked at one 
time. Another device which may be used is a simple range which 
is made by covering a suitable trench with a bake pan or two for a 
boiling surface and utilizing two or more coffee cans set end on for a 
flue. Beans may be baked in dugout ovens, clay ovens, or a vertical 
hole dug in the ground into which a jar or camp kettle containing 
them is placed and packed over and around with hot coals and earth. 
Water may be kept cool without ice by using a canvas bag, or a can 
wrapped with wet burlap or grain sacks. They should be kept in a 
draft, if possible, so as to increase the evap'oration. 

The following are some of the simple expedients that may be used 
in the field. 

172. Ice boxes. An ice box is often a great convenience and may 
be constructed by simply setting a dry-goods box inside of a larger 

Improvised Ice Box 



To provide a simple ice box for the field, sink a packing box of suitable size into 
the ground and prepare a close-fitting cover in two parts, for convenience in handling. 
It is well to surround the box with heavy paper or with packed straw or. grass to 
prevent dirt from falling in through the cracks. To provide drainage, bore several 
holes in the bottom of the box, and, if practicable, put a quantity of stone or gravel 
in the bottom of the pit befor.e installing the box. If facilities are at hand, provide 
a double box as shown. It will be more cleanly and, on account of the double top, 
the ice will last longer. 


[ 92 ] 























172 (contd.) 

one, preparing the necessary lids, and filling the space between the two 
boxes—4 to 8 inches—with sawdust, gunny sacks, leaves, grass, hay, 
straw, etc. Or even better, a single box may be set in the ground and 
packed around with materials as noted above or with solid earth. 

A very practical field ice box can be readily constructed according 
to the design below. It should be well banked with earth on the sides, 
rear and top, and should face south. 


[ 93 ] 






173 


173. Incinerators. Improvised incinerators are essential in camp. 
They may be made in several forms, the simplest of which is a pit 
about 6 feet in diameter and about 3 feet deep in the center, sloping 
uniformly to the outer edge. This pit is filled with rock, on which the 
fire is built. The water is poured into the edge of the pit and seeps 
among the hot rocks, which cause it to evaporate. The solid matter 
and cans are thrown into the fire; the cans are raked out each morning. 
Although this is the most simple form of incinerator and the most 
easily constructed, it is the most expensive, because of the excessive 
amount of wood consumed. 

The incinerator shown in paragraph 167 in combination with the 
Army field range No. 1 is the most convenient and economical for 
camps of a few days. 

The following simple incinerator is recommended for a company 
in camps of longer duration. 

Company Incineratqr 



Dig two trenches 10 feet long and 10 or 12 inches wide, bisecting each other At 
the point of bisection have the trenches 30 inches deep, gradually shallowing from 
this point to the ends. Fill with rock until about 18 inches deep at center. Over 
the place of bisection place four boards to support an ordinary sugar or flour barrel 
Around the barrel pile sods of earth up to the top. Pack tightly. Make a fire in 
the trench under the barrel, which, upon being burned out, leaves a hard cone 
According to the direction of the wind, leave one trench open and plug the other 
three openings near the cone with boards, turf, or loose soil. This gives a draft of 
air through the open trench and up through the cone, which acts as a flue. 

If the soil is full of clay, the cone is easily made. If not it can- be done in the 
manner shown in the illustration by using sods. 

All the garbage of a company kitchen in the field can be easily disposed of bv 
this means. J 

[ 94 ] 












173 (contd.) 

At the end of each day the ashes and tin cans should be raked out of the fireplace 
and a fresh fire started in the morning. 

The fire is kept up by dropping fuel material down the. cone, and garbage is fed 
to it in the same manner. 


Plan and Cross Section of Company Incinerator 




[ 95 ] 


/ 


















173 (contd.) 

In permanent camp a more elaborate incinerator may be readily 
constructed according to the following specifications: 



Jj/DZ ELZVAT/o/i 
/nariERATo/e. 

- 9-6*- 



/iATS RIALS 
So o brick , . 

/G.l.pon 4-0‘2 0’6 
/ Sibley otove 
& Grvfe. 3oro ZH -/ 


Coj/ -f Zoo ~ 


196 ] 


Ashp<f 














































174 

174. Pit for slops. Whenever facilities are not provided for 
disposing of the kitchen waste, it becomes necessary to dig a pit. 
In short camps not likely to be used again all kitchen waste may be 
thrown into the pit, but in camps of longer duration it is necessary to 
Strain all dish water, etc., through a box sieve suitably placed over 
the pit and then to burn all solid matter in the range or incinerator. 
To darken the pit and keep it free from flies, make a solid board top, 
tamp with dirt, and provide a detachable box sieve with cover, as 
shown. The pit should generally be about feet wide, 5 feet long, 
and 4 feet deep when dug in clay. In more permeable soil the dimen¬ 
sions may be somewhat reduced. The incinerator is more satisfactory 
for disposing of waste water. 

The following is a cross-section drawing of a slop pit: 

















175 

175. Swinging cage. A swinging cage, such as the one shown 
in the following illustration, is especially useful in the tropics or in 
camp. 



It should be suspended in such a manner that a cup of oil placed 
as shown will prevent insects from reaching the cage. 

Dimensions, about 3 feet square and 3 feet high. 

It is not regularly supplied and if provided must be constructed 
at the expense of the company fund. 


[ 98 ] 





176 

176. Field ovens. The plate below illustrates the several varieties 
of improvised field ovens. 



1. Clay covered trench. 2. Open trenchT for baking. 3. Bean pit. 4. Ovens in 
hillside. 5. Mud oven. 6. Mud range. 


How to Construct and Operate a Two-barrel Clay Oven 

Select a piece of level ground about 4 feet by 10 feet; get two 
salt or sugar barrels; knock top and bottom from one, and a small 
section of the bottom from the other (to be used as a flue in burning 
out); place them together head on, the one with the bottom to the 
rear. Cover the ends coming together with a little hay, so as to 
keep the sand from falling in, and stuff up the hole broken in the 
bottom of the rear barrel. Get some moist sand and cover both 
barrels completely, molding it so that it will be about two inches 
thick on top and splay out at the bottom about 2 inches on each 
side. Then mix some clay with hay, straw, or grass until you have 
a pretty stiff mixture, and cover the sand, beginning at the bottom 
where it should be about 8 inches thick and finishing at the top 
with about 4 inches. Let stand for a day or two and then add 
about 3 inches of clay to the entire oven. Allow to stand a day 
longer and then cut a hole at the rear, taking the hay from the bottom 


[991 




176 (contd.) 


Two-barrel Clay Oven 



of the barrel. This will afford a draught and is also an excellent 
means of regulating the heat. Put a fire in the barrels and burn 
them out. Care should be taken to put in just enough fire to start 
the barrels, as a big fire will burn it too quickly, and the oven will 
cave in. After the barrels are burned out, scrape all the sand from the 
top and sides and throw it out. The oven is now complete. 

To obtain the best results with this type of oven, it is best to start 
the fire as soon as the dough is set. Keep up a pretty brisk fire for 
about two hours, and as soon as the dough is punched down, spread 
the coals evenly throughout the entire oven, and close all draughts. 
As soon as the dough is panned, draw the fire and close the oven up 
for about half an hour. Then take the oven “counts.” If you can 
count seven (second count) you have just the proper heat. If more 


HOO] 







Open Trench Used for Baking 


176 (contd.) 



Trench about 6 feet by 15 inches by 12 inches deep. Dry out by slow fire and 
keep slow fire in it about 2 hours before baking. Sweep trench clean and test 
temperature by sprinkling a little flour on bottom. It should brown in about 2 
minutes. Place loaves, molded dry, across trench and about 2 inches apart. Cover 
trench with a sheet of iron or zinc and-place coals upon it. Regulate top heat as 
required. Vienna shaped single-ration loaves recommended. 


than 10, the oven is useless. If less than seven, the oven is too hot. 
This oven will hold five pans, each 12 by 24 inches, or 50 rations— 
sufficient for a company—and is equal to baking properties to any 
oven made. 

To make a second run, put in another fire for about half an hour, 
draw the fire and close the oven for 15 minutes, and the oven will 
be ready for the second run. It would be well to dig a trench in 
front of the oven for convenience in handling the bread. 

Lay out a level piece of ground about 3 feet 10 inches by 6 feet 9 
inches and cover about 3 inches thick with wet clay, pack well and 
smooth on top. On the center of this floor lay the barrels end to end 
with the opening of one where the front of the range is to be. Take 
sand just damp enough to mold and pack under the sides of the 
barrels and over the top, making the form for the inside of the oven. 
With the clay make a thick mud and mix straw into it. This is very 
necessary, as the straw holds the clay together. 

Begin on the sides and back and lay on the mud by hand, packing 
it wel-1 as it is Taid on. Make bottom of sides about 10 inches thick 
and top about eight inches. 


[1011 




176 (contd.) 


The Mud Field Range 



4. Dug-Out Oven. S. Two-Barrel Mud Oven. 6. Two-Barrel Mud Range. 

Just before the top is laid on, place blocks or bricks on end in cen¬ 
ter of top of each barrel and one over where the barrels join. Pack 
some of the clay around them to hold them in place while finishing 
the top. 

If desired, a hole may be left at the back, and a mud chimney con¬ 
structed. This improves the draft and is believed desirable, but is 
not necessary. 

This oven should be allowed to stand in a dry atmosphere for at 
least 24 hours. Then burn out the barrels with a slow fire. Keep a 
slow fire burning until the oven is well dried. The sand will then 
drop out and can be raked out with a hoe. Remove the bricks or 
blocks and the range is ready for use, but cracks appearing should be 
plastered up with mud. Time required for four men to build, about 
4 hours. 

When articles cooked on top of the range are done, the fire can be 
drawn and the oven used for baking bread or meats. See- figure 6 
above. 

This is recommended as a very good and convenient oven. A 
bank from 4 to 6 feet high is the best for the purpose. The roof cover¬ 
ing need not exceed \ l / 2 feet. Two men with a spade and a long- 


11021 






176 (contd.) 

handled shovel can build it in light soil in three-quarters of an hour. 
If such tools are not available, it may be constructed with trowel, 
bayonet, intrenching tools, or even with knives. To build the oven, 
dig down the bank to a vertical face and excavate at the base a hole 
from 4 to 5 feet horizontally, care being taken to keep the entrance 
as small as possible; hollow out the sides of the excavation and arch 
the roof until the floor is about 2 feet 6 inches in its widest part and 
the roof 16 inches high in the center of the arch. Then tap the back 
end for the flue. A hole from 4 to 6 inches in diameter will furnish 
a good draft. A piece of tent stove pipe may be utilized for this 
purpose. When difficult of construction, the flue may be omitted, 
and practically as good results will be obtained. The time required 
for drying will depend upon the character of the soil. If ordinarily 
dry, a fire kept up for an hour will suffice. 

After the oven has been heated the temperature may be regulated 
by means of the door and flue—opening or closing them as may be 
necessary. 


[ 103 ] 


Plate 10- 


176 (contd.) 



[ 104 ] 


V 


Handled in exactly the same manner as the improvised two-barrel clay oven. 
















































177-178 


CHAPTER XIII 

MESSING ON RAILROAD TRAINS 

On Railroad Trains 

177 . Standard kitchen car. This is a remodeled tourist sleeper, 
designed to cook for a battalion (peace strength) and to carry 42 men. 
Only limited facilities are provided for cold storage and for the 
storage of nonperishable articles, so that the bulk of the food supplies 
must be carried in a baggage car. For this reason, arrangements 
should always be made to have a portion of a baggage car—from 
one-third to one-half—allotted for this purpose, and in making up 
the train this portion of the baggage car should be placed next 
to the kitchen. The garrison ration is issued, and a considerable 
saving should be made from the credit allowance on beef, beans, 
dried fruits, sugar, sirup, flavoring extracts, etc. With this saving 
canned meats, canned vegetables, and canned fruits may be purchased. 

A-n officer is detailed by the commanding officer of the troops to 
take charge of the messing arrangements and he is assisted by a mess 
sergeant. The mess officer designates the hours for meals and the 
manner in which they are to be served and requests the necessary 
details for kitchen police and waiters. Generally one or two cooks 
are provided by the Pullman Co. and the company cooks should 
be detailed to render them the necessary assistance and to perform 
the duties of kitchen police. 

For serving the meal, the company mess sergeant and one man for 
each article on the bill of fare should report from each company. 
The serving of the meal does not begin until everything is ready. 
The details are then called up in order and the quantities due each 
organization having been determined, the troops farthest from the 
kitchen are served first. 

178 . Bills of fare. The following bills of fare are considered 
appropriate: 

Bills of fare for ioo men for 4 days 
Dinner, 22d 

Fried beef steak: 50 pounds steak. 

Cream gravy: 2 pounds flour, 3 cans milk. 


[1051 


178 (contd.) 

Boiled potatoes: 75 pounds potatoes. 

Farina custard: 8 pounds farina, 24 eggs, 6 pounds sugar, 3 cans milk, 2 ounces 
extract. 

Supper 22d 

Beef stew: 30 pounds beef, 50 pounds potatoes, 2 pounds onions, 2 pounds flour. 
Creamed hominy: 20 pounds hominy, 3 cans milk. 

Coffee. 

Breakfast, 23d 

» 

Fried bacon: 25 pounds bacon. 

Rolled oats and milk: 12 pounds rolled oats, 7 pounds sugar, 6 cans milk. 

Apple jelly: 25 pounds jelly. 

Butter: 2 pounds butter. 

Coffee. 

Dinner, 23d 

Roast beef: 45 pound,s beef. 

Browned potatoes: 75 pounds potatoes. 

Kidney beans: 15 pounds beans, kidney. 

Brown gravy, 2 pounds flour. 


Supper, 23d 

Sliced cheese: 18 pounds cheese. 

Creamed potatoes: 60 pounds potatoes, 3 cans milk, 2 pounds flour. 

Stewed peaches: 25 pounds peaches, 8 pounds sugar. 

Butter: 2 pounds butter. 

Coffee. 

Breakfast, 24th 

Beef stew: 30 pounds beef, 50 pounds potatoes, 2 pounds onions, 2 pounds flour. 
Hot biscuit: 24 pounds flour, 24 ounces baking powder, 6 pounds grease, 10 ounces 

salt. 

Sirup: 3 gallons sirup. 

Butter: 2 pounds butter. 

Coffee. 

Dinner, 24th 

Hot frankfurters: 20 pounds frankfurters. 

Mashed potatoes: 70 pounds potatoes. 

Hot slaw: 25 pounds cabbage, 5 pounds bacon, 1 gallon vinegar, 2 pounds sugar. 
Tapioca custard: 5 pounds tapioca, 6 pounds sugar, 24 eggs, -2 ounces extract, 3 
cans milk. 

Supper, 24th 

Baked beef hash: 30 pounds beef, 50 pounds potatoes, 5 pounds onions. 

Stewed tomatoes: 20 cans tomatoes, 2 pounds sugar, 3 cans milk. 

Butter: 2 pounds butter. 

Coffee. 

Breakfast, 25th 

Fried bacon: 25 pounds bacon. 

Gravy: 2 pounds flour. 

Fried potatoes: 75 pounds potatoes. 

Butter: 2 pounds butter. 

Coffee. 

Dinner, 25th 

Beef pot roast: 50 pounds beef, 5 pounds onions, 2 cans tomatoes. 

Brown gravy: 2 pounds flour. 

Browned potatoes: 70 pounds potatoes. 

Stewed corn: 18 cans corn, 3 cans milk. 

Bread pudding: 20 pounds bread, 4 pounds raisins, 8 pounds sugar, 4 cans milk, 
1 can cinnamon. 

Vanilla.sauce: 3 pounds sugar, 2 pounds cornstarch, 2 cans milk, 2 ounces extract. 

Supper, 25th 

Beef, Spanish: 50 pounds beef, 5 pounds onions, 5 cans tomatoes, 3 pounds flour. 
Mashed potatoes: 75 pounds potatoes. 

Butter: 2 pounds butter. 

Coffee. 




[ 106 ] 


179-180 


Breakfast, 26th 

t> 6 ?/ l tew: 30 pounds beef, 50 pounds potatoes, 2 pounds onions, 2 pounds flour. 

Koned oats and milk: 12 pounds oats, 7 pounds sugar, 6 cans milk 

Coffee. 

179. Suggestions to mess sergeant. 

(1) Keep the keys to the ice box during journey. 

(2) Weigh out to cooks every article on this bill of fare in the 
exact amount specified. 

(3) If it becomes apparent that rations will have to be turned in 
at end of journey, change meals so as to have nonperishable articles 
left as far as possible. 

(4) If no scales are available, refer to table of weights and mea¬ 
sures in individual cooking, Chapter VI, paragraphs 301 and 302. 

(5) Have sufficient water heated for the men to wash their dishes. 
Each car will send one man to the kitchen for same and dishes will 
be washed on car platform. Clean the platform when dishes are 
finished. 

(6) Use 30 pounds of bread to each meal. 

(7) Use 3 l /2 pounds coffee, 4 pounds sugar, 4 cans milk to each 
meal of coffee. 

180. Baggage car with field range. When the standard kitchen 
car is not available, one or more Army field ranges may b.e set up in 
a baggage car. With this equipment the messing arrangements are 
similar to those when the standard kitchen cars are used. 

The following instructions are given for installing and dismantling 
field range No. 1 and boiling plate iff a baggage car. 

Construct a box 6 feet 8 inches long by 3 l / 2 feet wide and about 12 
inches deep, inside measurements, using \ l / 2 or 2 inch material if 
available. Line the sides, ends, and top edge of box with galvanized 
iron or zinc. Place box in car running lengthwise on one side of 
the car, about 2 feet from the side. Fill box with dirt up to about 2 
inches of the top. Place a brick flush with top of dirt at each of the 
four corners where the range will set. Place range in box, front and 
oven end close up against end of box, and deep enough in box so that 
when oven door is opened it will lie flat on edge of box. Place boiling 
plate in box, the end resting on top of angle iron on rear of range. 
Place a brick under each front corner of boiling plate, flush with top 
of dirt. The Alamo attachment is not used when range No. 1 is in¬ 
stalled in the above manner. 

Fasten range and boiling plate firmly to box by means of strap 
iron or two or three strands of telegraph or telephone wire, at points 


[107] 


180 (contd.) 

shown on figure. Fill space between range, boiling plate, and side of 
box with soft mud, to prevent heat from escaping. Three and even 
four field ranges may be installed in a car. 

Remove one of the top ventilating windows from car; tack tent 
guards, furnished with each range, over the opening—one on the 
outside of the car and one on the inside. Carry stovepipe up and 
out through the opening. End of pipe should extend about 6 inches 
outside of the ventilator opening. Elbow should be placed on end of 



[108] 















181 

pipe facing up and wired firmly to car. Wire stovepipe firmly to both 
sides of car. 

Box can be held firmly in position on floor of car by nailing 2 by 4 
inch strips around sides and ends of box. This is important and must 
not be neglected. 

The following additional equipment to that supplied with each 
range is necessary: 

2 G. I. water cans. 

2 G. I. buckets. 

1 elbow, stovepipe. 

100 feet wife. 

Water cans should be filled on every possible occasion where stops 
are made. 

If the equipment is to be set up in a freight car, a hole will have 
to be cut in the top of car for the stovepipe, using tent guards, as ex¬ 
plained above, to cover the opening. 

181. Detachment kitchen car. This car is designed for journeys 
where the number of men or the distance to be traveled does not 
warrant the use of the standard kitchen car. 

It is provided with a gas range attached to the Pintsch gas tanks, 
and cooks for as many men as can be carried on the car. There is 
no ice box or refrigerator on this car, and consequently fresh beef can 
not generally be carried for more than two meals, unless the weather 
is such that the meat may be carried in sacking on the platform. 
Travel rations and fresh bread for 30 men for five days can be carried 
in the locker and a vacant section in the car. If the detachment is 
without an experienced cook, travel rations should be carried, and 
coffee made, under the direction of the officer or noncommissioned 
officer in charge. On short journeys, where an experienced cook is 
available, the garrison ration should be provided. 

The following bills of fare are considered appropriate: 



Breakfast. 

Lunch. 

Supper. 

1 

1 

Beefsteak and gravy. 

Baked beans. 

Beef stew. 


Boiled potatoes. 

Blackberry jam. 

Bread and butter. 

Coffee. 

Bread and butter. 


Apricots. 

Bread and coffee. 

Coffee. 

2 

Cold sliced corned beef. 

Cold sliced corned beef. 

Beefsteak. 


Boiled potatoes and gravy. 

Canned peas. 

Boiled potatoes. 


Canned peaches. 

Coffee. 

Bread and jam. 


Bread and coffee. 

1 

Bread. 

Coffee. 

1 


[109] 











182 


182. Pintsch gas cooker. This cooker is designed for the use of 
troops traveling in any type of car equipped with the Pintsch gas¬ 
lighting system, and practical experience has shown that sufficient 
gas is generally available for all cooking to be done. It has suffi¬ 
cient capacity for cooking for 48 men (the maximum number carried 
in one car) and supplies two hot components of the meal, as, for ex¬ 
ample, hot coffee and stewed corn, although but one article can be 
cooked at a time. One cooker is supplied with each car and contains 
ample utensils for cooking and serving the food, though the individual 
mess kits must be used. 

Directions for use .—In setting up the gas cooker the work should 
be supervised by a commissioned officer. If none are present, then 
by the noncommissioned officer in charge. 

(a) Set burner and stand in men’s wash room or other suitable 
place and connect same with the nearest 4-tipped burner, as follows: 

( b) Remove glass bowl and turn over to porter. Unscrew 4- 
cluster flame, being careful not to unscrew the cluster stem. Screw 
short pieces of gas tubing to cluster stem where 4-cluster flame was 
removed by the coupling at one end of the tubing. Then attach long 
piece of tubing to short piece and connect with the burner of the 
cooker. After the meal has been prepared disconnect long piece of 
tubing and allow end to remain attached to the cluster stem. When 
it is desired to operate the cooker, connect long piece of tubing to 
short piece. 

If it is not practicable to make connections with a 4-cluster flame 
connect burner of cooker with a 1-burner bracket lamp, as follows: 

With pliers remove gas tip and loosen the governing screw so as 
to insure a free flow of gas. 

If the governing screw sticks tap lightly with the handle of the 
screw driver until it can be easily removed. Do not entirely unscrew 
the governing screw. Slip rubber end of tubing over pillar and con¬ 
nect other end to the burner of the cooker. 

(c) The connections having been made, turn on the gas at the 
lamp and burner of the cooker and light with a wax taper. The 
greatest heat is obtained by having a strong blue flame. 

( d ) The burner being lighted, set on the largest copper boiler if it 
is desired to make coffee. The boiler should be filled about two-thirds 
full, additional water being added when the coffee has come to a boil. 

After coffee has been made, remove and set boiler on one of the 
asbestos mats, to prevent damage to the floor of the car. The second 
boiler is then set on the burner, with such food as may be desired 


[HO] 


182 (contd.) 

to cook. Water must be added to prevent burning of food and melt¬ 
ing the boilers. Stirring is also necessary when preparing certain 
foods. 

It requires about 1 hour and 20 minutes to prepare coffee and cook 
one hot dish for 48 men. 

After the meal is prepared set the galvanized-iron boiler on the 
burner and heat the necessary water for washing the mess kits and 
utensils. 

Caution — 

(a) Do not put boilers on without water in them. 

( b ) Always add a little water, about 1 quart to every 10 pounds 
of food to prevent burning. 

(c) Remove the coffee and hot water from the copper vessels as 
soon as practicable, to preserve the tinning inside. 

( d ) Look at the gas flame occasionally, to see that it has not 
blown out. 

(e) To reduce gas consumption and save time, get hot water for 
washing dishes from the locomotive. 

(f) Never light the gas with boiler set on heater. 

( g ) If the roadbed is rough and there is considerable motion to 
the train, secure the stand and burner by the two leather straps 
furnished with the cooker. To prevent the splashing of water when 
coffee is made or water heated, place round slop board in the boilers 
so as to counteract the motion of the car. 

(h) In case of leaks in the gas tubing, cut out leak with sharp 
knife and connect the two pieces of tubing with a coupler, wrapping 
ends of tubing with wire. 

(t) Handle the equipment intelligently and carefully. Never 
pack any article unless clean and dry. When returned to a depot 
or post the equipment should be completely overhauled, cleaned, and 
tested. 

The garrison ration is used when the cooker is provided and it is 
recommended that the following food be purchased from the credit 
allowance: 

Beef, corned, canned. 

Hash, corned-beef. 

Salmon, canned. 

Potatoes, about one-third of allowance. 

Soft bread. 

Hard bread. 

Tomatoes. 


[ill] 




182 (contd.) 

Jam. 

Coffee, roasted and ground. 

Tea. 

Sugar. 

Milk, evaporated. 

Pickles. 

Salt, 

Pepper. 

Butter. 

Sirup. 

Soap. 

‘A quantity of canned baked beans should be purchased, as they 
can be readily heated by the cooker and the dried beans can not be 
cooked en route. If the journey is an extended one, fresh onions 
and a small quantity of bacon may be purchased. 

On account of the limited space available for cooking, it is not 
practicable to prepare elaborate meals, but the fare may be much 
improved by purchasing extra food from the company fund. 

The following is a list of foods which may be prepared on the gas 
cooker: 

Beans, stringless, canned. 

Beef stew, canned. 

Chocolate. 

Cocoa. 

Corn, canned. 

Eggs, fresh. 

Frankfurter sausage, canned or fresh. 

Fruit, fresh. 

Hominy, canned. 

Peas, canned. 

Plum pudding, canned. 

Sauerkraut, canned. 

Soups, canned. 

Vienna sausage, canned or fresh. 


[112] 


The following are sample bills 
Pintsch gas cooker: 

First Day 

Breakfast: 

Hot corned-beef hash. 

Soft bread and butter. 

Coffee. 

Dinner: 

Cold corned beef. 

Hot baked beans. 

Soft bread. 

Pickles. * 

Coffee. 

Supper: 

Cold meat (boiled ham or roast beef 
cooked before starting on journey). 
Stewed tomatoes. 

Soft bread and jam. 

Tea. 


182 (contd.) 
f fare for two days when using the 


Second Day 

Breakfast: 

Hot baked beans 
Soft bread and butter. 
Coffee. 

Dinner: 

Cold meats. 

Stewed tomatoes and corn. 
Soft bread. 

Tea. 

Supper: 

Hot corned-beef hash. 

Soft bread. 

Coffee. 

Sirup. 


X 


[1131 



183 


CHAPTER XIV 

CARE OF THE HEALTH 

183. Importance of good health. Good health is just as neces¬ 
sary to any army as rifles and ammunition. Not only does every sick 
man take away one rifle from the firing line, but in addition he be¬ 
comes a care and a burden on the hands of the army. Indeed, it is 
fully as important for a soldier to take care of his health as it is for 
him to take care of his rifle and ammunition. The importance of 
doing everything possible to look after one’s health is shown by the 
fact that in every war so far, many more men have died from disease 
than were killed in battle or died from wounds. In our Civil War, 
for instance, for every man on the Union side who was killed in battle 
or died from wounds, two died from disease. In the Spanish-American 
War the proportion was 1 to 5 

To do all that he can to keep in good health is a duty that the 
soldier owes his Country. 

RULES FOR CARE OF HEALTH 

Observance of the following will do much to add to one’s comfort 
and to keep him in good health: 

care of teeth. Take care of your teeth. Neglecting them will 
not only result in an uncleanly mouth, but it will also be the ultimate 
cause of their decay, which will result in improper chewing of food and 
thus result in digestive troubles. Use your tooth brush at least once 
a day. 

keep the body free of wastes. Get into the habit of emptying your 
bowels at a certain hour each day. Immediately after breakfast 
is a good time. This is a habit that can be cultivated just like any 
other habit. Cultivate it. It will do much to keep you in good health. 
Always empty the bowels and bladder, especially the bowels, when you 
have the least desire to do so. Do not allow a little personal incon¬ 
venience or laziness to prevent you from doing this. The wastes from 
the bowels and bladder, especially the bowels, are poisons that should 
always be expelled from the body just as soon as possible. 


tH4] 


183 (contd.) 

keep the body clean. A dirty body invites sickness. If possible, 
bathe every day in summer,—if not possible, then at least a weekly 
bath should be taken. When not possible to bathe, take a good, stiff 
rub daily with a dry towel. 

KEEP THE BODY WELL EXERCISED AND WELL SUPPLIED WITH FRESH AIR. 

Exercise and fresh air are absolutely necessary to good health. Out¬ 
door sports are the best form of exercise, because they use all the 
body muscles, and are in the open air. 

give the body sufficient rest. Give the body enough sleep at night, 
which you can always do by avoiding late hours. When on the march 
take advantage of every halt to rest your body. As soon as the com¬ 
mand is given to fall out, select, if possible, a good dry place on the 
side of the road to sit or lie on. If carrying the pack, loosen it and 
rest back on it, in a sitting or lying position. If the march has been a 
long one, lie flat on your back and raise the feet in the air. This will 
remove the heavy dragged feeling of the feet and legs and will rest 
the heart, because the blood runs out of the legs into the body. 

avoid exposure. Avoid all exposure not necessary in line of duty. 
Unnecessary exposure invites sickness unnecessarily. 

sleeping off the ground. Sleep off the ground whenever you can 
possibly do so. Hay, straw, dry grass, or branches of trees under the 
blanket, makes sleeping more comfortable and lessens the danger from 
dampness. 

wet clothing. If practicable, always remove wet clothing as soon as 
possible. Wet clothing does no harm on the march or at work, but it 
is a dangerous thing to cool off in or in which to lie around camp. 

food. Be careful about the food you eat. Eat what is furnished in 
your company mess. Avoid green and over-ripe fruit, and never eat 
unpeeled fruit. Don’t patronize peddlers. 

water. Be careful about the water you drink. If water that you 
do not know to be pure is not at hand, drink weak coffee or tea. The 
boiling kills the germs. 

avoid mosquito bites. Malaria, yellow, and dengue fevers can be 
caught only from mosquito bites—there is no other possible way of 
catching these fevers. By means of headnets, mosquito bars, and 
gloves, protect yourself as much as possible, and also keep away, if you 
can, from places infested with mosquitoes. 

keep flies off your food. The ordinary fly is one of the worst and 
filthiest transmitters of disease. known. By means of their smeared 
feet, in their spit, and in their specks, flies carry germs from privies, 
latrines, spittoons, and sickrooms to the food you eat. 


[115] 


183 (contd.) 

don’t smoke on marches. It has a depressing effect, and increases 
the thirst. 

don't drink alcohol. Do not drink whiskey, beer, or any other form 
of alcohol, especially in the field. It will weaken you and favor heat 
exhaustion, sunstroke, frost bite, and other troubles. The soldiers who 
drink alcohol are always amongst the first to fall out on marches and 
other exercises. 

cool off gradually. If perspiring, always cool off gradually. Never 
sit in a draft, or in a chilly place. If necessary, throw a light coat or 
sheet over you until the body has regained its normal temperature. 

belly. Always take special care to protect your belly from getting 
chilled. It is susceptible to chilling, which is likely to cause congestion 
that will result in cramps and diarrhoea. 

don’t overeat. Don’t overeat, especially if you feel exhausted, and 
always be sure to masticate (chew) your food thoroughly. 

venereal diseases. The best way to avoid venereal diseases is to 
keep away from lewd women, and live a clean moral life. It is said by 
medical authorities that sexual intercourse is not necessary to pre¬ 
serve health and manly vigor, and that the natural sexual impulse can 
be kept under control by avoiding associations, conversations, and 
thoughts of a lewd character. However, persons who will not exercise 
self-control in this matter can greatly lessen the risks of indulgence 
by the prompt use, immediately upon return to camp or garrison, of 
the prophylaxis prescribed by War Department orders and which all 
soldiers are required to take after exposing themselves to the danger 
of venereal infection. Men who immediately after intercourse urinate 
and wash the private parts thoroughly with soap and water will lessen 
the chances of infection. Drunkenness greatly increases the risk of 
infection. 


HIM 


184-185-186 


CHAPTER XV 

FIRST AID TO THE SICK AND INJURED 

184 . Main things. In offering first aid to a comrade the main 
things are: (1) Act promptly; (2) Keep cool; (3) Make the patient feel 
you have no doubt you can pull him through all right; (4) Don’t let 
him become discouraged. Pluck has carried a man through what 
seemed the most forlorn hope. 

185 . How to proceed. In administering first aid proceed as fol¬ 
lows: (1) Find out what the trouble is; (2) Decide promptly what 
treatment is necessary; (3) Make the patient as comfortable as possible 
and handle him gently. However, do not handle him unless it will 
do him a benefit; (4) To facilitate the treatment, remove the clothing, 
cutting it or ripping it, where necessary. 

186 . Bite of dog. | Either requires immediate and heroic treat- 
Bite of snake, j ment. LOSE NO'TIME. 

1st. Prevent the poison from traveling toward the heart and brain 
by putting on at once a tourniquet (see Fig. 2, this chapter) between 
the wound and the heart. 

2nd. Suck the wound and be sure to spit out the poison and rinse 
the mouth afterward. It is safe, if you have no cuts or sores on the 
lips or in the mouth. 

3rd. Enlarge the wound with a knife (in the direction of the bone, 
not across) to make it bleed more freely, and again suck the wound. 

4th. Apply to the wound any strong acid or caustic, such as car¬ 
bolic acid, lime, wood ashes, or tincture of iodine, or burn it with a hot 
iron. Telegraph wire will do. 

5th. Wash out the wound with hot water and pack with equal 
parts of baking soda and salt, and apply a bandage. 

6th. Then, in the case of a snake bite, loosen the tourniquet little 
by little, taking about half an hour, so as to permit any poison that may 
remain in the wound to be gradually absorbed by the blood. In the 
case of a dog bite, the tourniquet is loosened at once. 

After the tourniquet has been removed, the patient must rest quietly 
for several hours. If he feel faint, he may have a stimulant,—alcohol, 
coffee, or tea ,—but do not give the stimulant before the poison has been 


[117] 


187 

removed from the wound, because stimulants increase the heart beats 
and thereby hurry the poison into the blood. 

187. Bleeding. Looking upon the heart as a pump, you will 
understand that to stop the current of blood pumped through the 
arteries you must press upon the blood vessel between the wound and 
the heart. In addition to the pressure, raise the leg or arm or head 
above the heart—this will slow the flow of the blood. The following 
diagram shows where pressure with the thumb will squeeze the blood 
tube between the thumb and the bone: 



. Fig. l 


Pressure with thumb at 1 
checks bleeding of left side of 
chin, cheek, and jaw. 

Pressure at 2 stops bleeding 
from big blood tube on left side 
of head and neck and face. 

Pressure at 3 controls bleed¬ 
ing in the arm pit and shoulder. 

Pressure at 4 checks bleeding 
in arm pit and anywhere down 
the arm and hand. 

Pressure at 5 stops bleeditag 
of arm and hand. 

Pressure at 6, on either leg, 
stops bleeding of leg and foot. 


However, the thumb cannot be held forever on the blood tube, so 
we make an artificial thumb, called a tourniquet, which consists of a pad, 
compress, pocket knife, or stone (wrapped in some soft material so 
as to prevent injury to the flesh), placed on the line of the artery, and 
pressed down by a strap or band that is tightened around the arm by 
means of a bayonet or stick, the bayonet or stick being fixed in place 
with another strap or bandage, as shown in this illustration: 

A folded bandage, a handkerchief, or a necktie may be used for the 
strap. Remember you may do harm in two ways in using a tourniquet: 

(1) By using too much force you may bruise the flesh and muscles, and 

(2) by keeping the pressure up too long you may strangle the limb, 
causing what is called gangrene. It is a good rule to relax or ease up 
on the tourniquet at the end of about an hour, and allow it to remain 
loose, but in place, if no bleeding appears. By watching you can 
tighten the tourniquet at any time, if necessary. 


[118] 


188-189-190 



Fig. 2 

188. Broken bones. (Fractures.) You will usually know when 
a bone of the arm or leg is broken by the way the limb is held, for the 
wounded man loses power of control over the limb, and it is no longer 
firm and straight. 

A fracture must always be handled with the greatest possible care, 
for otherwise the broken ends of the bone may pierce the flesh and 
stick out through the skin, causing a compound fracture, which is very 
serious, as it makes a doorway for germs to enter. Also, careless 
handling may cause the bones to grow together in a bad position, 
causing a deformity. 

The best way to treat a broken leg or arm bone is as follows: 
Straighten the limb gently, pulling upon the end of it firmly, and 
quietly, when this is necessary, and fix or retain it in position by 
means of boards or other material,—bayonet, scabbard, bunch of 
twigs, etc.,—that will not bend. This is called “setting” the bone, 
and the boards or other material used are called “splints.” Always 
be sure to pad the splint on the side next to the limb, care being 
taken to secure or bind it in place, the bandage, however, never being 
placed over the fracture, but always above and below. 

189. Fracture of arm. Apply two splints, one in front, the other 
behind, if the lower part of the bone is broken; or to the inner and 
outer sides if the fracture is in the middle or upper part; support by 
sling as in Fig. 3. The inner splint should be short, not more than 
7 or 8 inches long. 

190. Fracture of the forearm. Place the forearm across the 
breast, thumb up, and apply a splint to the outer surface extending to 
the wrist, and to the inner surface extending to the tips of the 
fingers; support by sling as in Fig. 4. 


[119] 





191 



Fig. 3 Fig. 4 


191. Fracture of the thigh. Apply a long splint, reaching from 
the armpit to beyond the foot on the outside, and a short splint on 
the inside (Fig. 5). The military rifle may be used as an outside 
splint, but its application needs care. A blanket rolled into two rolls, 
forming a trough for the limb, is useful. 



Fig. 5 

The carbine boot may be used to advantage in splinting fracture 
of the thigh and leg, as illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7. 



Fig. 6 Fig. 7 


[120] 






192 - 193-194 

192. Fracture of the leg. Apply two splints, one on the out¬ 
side, the other on the inside of the limb. When nothing better can 
be had, support may be given by a roll of clothing and two sticks, as 
shown in Fig. 8. 



Fig. 8 

Many surgeons think that the method of fixing the wounded leg 
to its fellow, and of binding the arm to the body, is the best plan for 
the field, as the quickest and as serving the immediate purpose. 



Fig. 9 

Fracture of Left Leg, Supported by Sound Leg 

The object of all this is to prevent, as far as possible, any motion 
of the broken bone, and so limit the injury to the neighboring- 
muscles, and to lessen the pain. 

Be very careful always to handle a broken limb gently. Do not 
turn or twist it more than is#iecessary to get it straight, but secure 
it quickly and firmly in one of the ways shown, and so make the 
patient comfortable for carriage to the dressing station or hospital. 
Time is not to be wasted in complicated dressings. 

193. Burns. Do not pull the clothing from the burnt part, but 
rip or cut it off. Do not break the blisters, nor prick them even if 
large. Protect a burn quickly with a mixture of equal parts of lin¬ 
seed or olive oil and limewater, if you have them; or with the plain oil, 
covering the whole with lint or cotton wool. Put nothing on a burn 
that will he difficult to remove afterwards. 

194. Drowning. Being under water for four or five minutes is 
generally fatal, but an effort to revive the apparently drowned 
should always be made unless it is known that the body has been 
under water for a very* long time. The attempt to revive the patient 
should not be delayed for the purpose of removing his clothes or 


[ 121 ] 



194 (contd.) 

placing him in the ambulance. Begin the procedure as soon as he 
is out of the water, on the shore or in the boat. The first and most 
important thing is to start artificial respiration without delay. 

The problem is: 

1. To get the water out of the lungs. 

2. To get the air into the lungs and start the man breathing 
before the heart stops. 

Therefore: 

1. Remove the mud, mucus, etc., and pull the tongue forward. 

2. Place the patient’s head lower than his chest so the water 
will run out. Thus: 



Fig. 10 


3. Then lay the patient on a blanket, if possible, and on his 
stomach, arms extended from his body beyond his head, face turned 
to one side so that the mouth and nose do not touch the ground. 
(See Fig. 11.) This position causes the tongue to fall forward of 
its own weight and so prevents it from falling back into the air 
passages. Turning the head to one side prevents the face coming 
into contact with mud or water during the operation. 

Kneel and straddle the patient’s hips, facing his head. (Fig. 11.) 



Fig. n 
[ 122 ] 


194 (contd.) 

Roll or rip off the clothing so as to get at the bare back. 

Locate the lowest rib, and with your thumbs extending in about 
the same direction as your fingers, place your spread hands so that 
your little finger curls over the lowest rib. Be sure to get the hands 
well away from the hack hone —the nearer the ends of the ribs the 
hands are placed without sliding off, the better it is. 

Then with your arms held straight, press down SLOWLY AND 
STEADILY on the ribs, bringing the weight of your body straight 
from your shoulders. Do not bend your elbows and shove in from 
the side. 

Release the pressure suddenly, removing the hands from the 
body entirely, and thus allowing the chest to fill with air. 

Wait a couple of seconds, so as to give the air time to get into 
the blood. This is most important. 

Repeat the pressure and continue doing so, slowly and steadily 
pressing down at the rate of ordinary breathing. That is to say, 
pressure and release of pressure (one complete respiration) should 
occupy about five seconds. Guide yourself by your own deep 
regular breathing, or by counting. 

Keep up for at least one hour the effort to revive the patient and 
much longer if there is any sign of revival by way of speaking, breath¬ 
ing, coughing, sneezing, or gurgling sounds. 

Do not stop working at the first signs of life, but keep it up until 
the patient is breathing well and is conscious. If you stop too soon 
he may stop breathing "and die. 

Persons have been revived after two hours of steady work, but 
most cases revive within about thirty minutes. 

If you are a heavy man, be careful not to bring too much force 
on the ribs, as you might break one of them. 

In the case of women or thin persons place a roll of clothing 
under them at the waist line before beginning the pressure. 

If you happen to be of light build and the patient is a large 
heavy person, you will be able to apply the pressure better., by 
raising your knees from the ground, and supporting yourself entirely 
on your toes and the heels of your hands, properly placed on the 
floating ribs of the patient. 

Do not attempt to give liquids of any kind to the patient while 
he is unconscious, for he cannot swallow them. They will merely 
run into his wind-pipe and choke him, and, furthermore, it will take 
up valuable time. 


[ 123 ] 


195-196 


However, after the patient has regained consciousness you may 
give him hot coffee or hot whisky, punch, or aromatic spirits of 
ammonia ( a teaspoonful in water). 

Then wrap up the patient warmly in hot blankets with hot water 
bottles, and take him to the nearest hospital or put him to bed and 
send for a doctor. Why? Because the dirty water in the lungs has 
damaged the lining and the patient is in danger of lung fever and 
needs care and nursing. 

Aromatic spirits of ammonia may be poured on a handkerchief 
and held continuously within about three inches of the face and 
nose. If other ammonia preparations are used, they should be 
diluted or held farther away. Try it on your own nose first. 

The above method of artificial respiration is also applicable in 
cases of electric shock, suffocation by gas and smoke. 

195. Freezing. If a man is overcome by the cold, do not take 
him into a warm room, or heated tent. Put him into a cool room 
without draughts and get a doctor at once. Meanwhile loosen his 
clothing and rub arms and legs towards the heart with cold water 
and a towel or sponge, using pressure. 

When he revives give him hot drinks and wrap him up well in 
hot blankets and put him in the hospital. 

When freezing to death a man feels overcome with sleepiness 
and stupor. Take a switch or stick and beat him unmercifully. 
Remember that falling to sleep means death. 

196. Frost-bite. The best way to get frost-bitten is to have on 
damp clothing, such as wet shoes and socks or mittens. The first 
feeling of frost-bite is numbness, and the first sign is marble white¬ 
ness. 

Treatment. Rub the frozen part briskly with snow or ice cold water, 
if the frost-bite has just occurred. If it has been frozen more than 
fifteen minutes, rub very gently with snow, cold water, or coal oil (kero¬ 
sene). If you rub hard, it will break the frozen flesh. 

Returning pinkness is a sign of thawing; if the parts turn a 
dark color, see a surgeon at once, for it means gangrene (death of the 
flesh). 

When thawed out apply plenty of oil, tallow, or vaseline. 

If gangrene has set in and no doctor is available, then treat as a 
burn. 

By all means keep away from heat. To toast frost-bitten fingers 
or toes before a fire is liable to result in chilblanes. 


[ 124 ] 


197 - 198 - 199-200 

197. Poison. When poison has been swallowed, cause the 
patient to take a large quantity of luke-warm water and make him 
vomit by putting his finger in his throat. Repeat this and then have 
him swallow the white of two eggs or some milk into which raw flour 
or corn-starch has been stirred. 

If you know he took bichloride of mercury, you may increase the 
amount of eggs and give one-half glass of weak lime water. 

If you know he took carbolic acid, give him alcohol (pure alcohol 
or in the form of gin or whiskey) and plenty of it in order to 
neutralize the acid. 

Get a doctor as soon as possible, and save the vomit and poison 
not taken, for him to see. 

198. Shock. In case of collapse following an accident, treat the 
accident; then treat as for fainting. Apply hot plates, stones, or 
bottles of hot water, or an electric light wrapped in towels over the 
stomach. Wrap up warmly. Keep the patient quiet, in the dark, and 
send for a doctor. 

199. Sunstroke. In sunstroke the man has a blazing red face, 
dry, burning hot skin; agitated heart; snoring breathing; a high fever, 
and is unconscious and delirious. What is the matter ? The part of the 
brain which regulates the heat of the body is overcome by the heat 
and loses control—the'man is entirely too hot all the way through. 

Treatment. First of all remove the pack and shoes and loosen the 
clothing. Then souse the man, clothing and all, with water. Lay him 
in the shade and fan him, keeping him covered and wet. This will 
cool him off without chilling too much. If possible, rub the chest and 
legs, but not the belly, with ice. 

200. Wounds. When a bullet enters or goes through the 
muscles or soft parts of the body alone, generally nothing need be 
done except to protect the wound or wounds with the contents of 
the first-aid packet, used as follows: 

1. If there is one wound, carefully remove the paper from one of 
the two packages without unfolding the compress or bandage and 
hold by grasping the outside folds between the thumb and fingers. 

When ready to dress wound, open compress by pulling on the two 
side folds of bandage, being careful not to touch the inside of the 
compress with the fingers or anything else. 

Still holding one roll of the bandage in each hand, apply the com¬ 
press to the wound and wrap the ends of the bandage around the limb 
or part until near the ends, when the ends may be tied together or 


[ 125 ] 


201 

fastened with safety pins. The second compress and bandage may be 
applied over the first or may, if the arm is wounded, be used as a sling. 

2. If there are two wounds opposite each other, use one compress 
opened out—but with the folded bandage on the back—for one 
wound, and hold it in place by the bandage of the compress used to 
cover the other wound. 

3. If there are two wounds, not opposite each other, apply a 
compress to each. 

4. If the wound is too large to be covered by the compress, find 
and break the stitch holding the compress together, unfold it, and 
apply as directed above. 

Be careful not to touch the wound with your fingers nor handle 
it in any way, for the dirt of your hands is harmful, and you must 
disturb a wound as little as possible. Never wash the wound excdpt 
under the orders of a medical officer. 

The bandaging will stop all ordinary bleeding. Generally this is all 
that is necessary for the first treatment, and sometimes it is all that 
is needed for several days. The importance of the care with which this 
first dressing is made cannot be too seriously insisted upon. It is 
better to leave a wound undressed than to dress it carelessly or 
ignorantly, so that the dressing must soon be removed. 

201. Fainting. Fainting is caused by the blood leaving the head. 
Therefore, we must get the blood back into the head, which is done 
by placing the patient on his back, with the head lower than the rest 
of the body. If necessary, make, by digging, a slight depression in 
the ground for the head, neck and upper part of shoulders. Also, the 
head may be placed lower than the rest of the body by putting a 
couple of folded blankets, a few folded coats or any other suitable 
article under the body, and raising the feet by hand or otherwise. 
The clothing should be loosened by unbuttoning and the patient 
fanned. Give him as much fresh air as possible,—so, do not let people 
crowd around him. Mop the face and forehead with a handkerchief 
soaked in cold water. 


r 126 ] 


202-203 


CHAPTER XVI 

FIELD ENGINEERING 

Bridges 

1202 . Dimensions and guard rail. A roadway 9 ft. wide in the 
clear should be provided to pass infantry in fours, cavalry two 
abreast, and military wagons in one direction; a width of 6 ft. will 
suffice for infantry in column of twos, cavalry in single file, and field 
guns passed over by hand. 

The clear width of roadway of an ordinary highway bridge should 
not be less than 12 ft. for single track, or 20 ft. for double track. 

The clear head room in ordinary military bridges should not be less 
than 9 ft. for wagons and cavalry; for highway bridges not less than 
14 ft. 

Ramps at the ends of a bridge, if intended for artillery, should not 
be steeper than.,1 on 7. For animals, slopes steeper than 1 on 10 are 
inconvenient. 

If the bridges are high, hand rails should be provided. A single 
rope may suffice, or it may have brush placed upon it to form a screen. 

A guard rail should be provided along each side of the roadway, 
near the ends of the flooring planks. In hasty bridges it may be 
secured by a lashing or lashings through the planking to the stringer 
underneath. Otherwise it may be fastened with spikes or bolts. 

203. Spar bridges. This name is applied to bridges built of 
round timbers lashed together. Intermediate points of support are 
provided by inclined frames acting as struts to transmit weight from 
the middle of the bridge to the banks. The single-lock and double- 
lock bridges with two and three spans of 15 ft., respectively, are the 
ones of most utility. 

The first step in constructing a spar bridge is to measure the gap 
to be bridged and select the position of the footings on either bank. 
Determine the distance from each footing to the middle point of the 
roadway if a single-lock, or the two corresponding points of a double- 
lock bridge. Next determine and mark on each spar except the 
diagonals the places where other spars cross it. The marking may 


[ 127 ] 


203 (contd.) 

be done with chalk, or with an ax. If possible a convenient notation 
should be adopted. As, for example, in marking with chalk, a ring 
around the spar where the edge of the crossing spar will come, and 
a diagonal cross on the part which will be hidden by the crossing spar. 

A simple way to determine the length of spars is the following: 
Take two small lines somewhat longer than the width of the gap, 

double -each and lash the bights 
together. Stretch them tightly 
across the gap so that the lash¬ 
ing comes at the middle as at A, 
Fig. 8. Release one end of each 
and stretch it to the footing on 
the same side as indicated by the 
dotted lines. Mark each line at 
the footing C or C', and at the 
position chosen for the abutment 
sill, B or B'. Cut the lashing 
and take each piece of rope to 
its own side. The distances AB 
and AB' are the lengths between 
the transoms, # and with 2 ft. 
added give the length of road 
bearers required. The distances 



Fig. l 


Transom 


*=i: 


AC and AC' are the lengths of struts from butt to top of transom, and 
with 3 ft. added, give the total length of spars required. 

For a double- 
lock bridge, a 
piece of rope of 
a length equal to 
the length of the 
middle bay re¬ 
places the lash¬ 
ing. If the 
banks are not 
parallel, a mea¬ 
surement should 
be taken on 
each side of the 
bridge. 




Ledger 


das.: 


Fig. 2 


If desired, a section of the gap may be laid down on the ground in 
full size and the lengths of spars determined by laying them in place. 


[ 128 ] 























Military Bridges 


203 (contd.) 



Plate I 
[ 129 ] 













































204 

This method, though given as standard by all authorities, requires 
more time and more handling of material than the other and gives no 
better results. 

The construction of a frame is shown in Fig. 1, and the system of 
marking in Fig. 2. The arrangement of frames to form a single-lock 
bridge is shown in Figs. 3 and 4, and a double-lock bridge in Fig. 6. 

204. Construction of single-lock bridges, Figs. 3, 4, and 5.—Suit¬ 
able for spans of 30 ft. or less. The two frames lock together at the 
center of the span; their slope must not be more than 4 on 7. The 
bridge can be erected by two or three noncommissioned officers and 20 
men, one-half on each side of the gap. Heavy spars require more men. 

The footings at A and B must be firm, horizontal if possible, and at 
right angles to the axis of the bridge. In a masonry pier they may be 
cut out. In firm soil a simple trench will suffice. In yielding soil a 
plank or sill must be laid in the trench. The frames are made of such 
length as to give a slight camber to the bridge, which may be 
increased to allow for probable settlement of the footings. The inside 
dimension of one frame is made slightly greater than the outside 
dimension of the other, so that one frame may fall inside of the other 
when hauled into position. For a 9 ft. roadway the standards of the 
narrow (inside) frame should be 9 ft. 6 ins. apart at the transom and 
10 ft. 6 ins. at the ledger, in the clear, and the other (outside) frame 
1 ft. 6 ins. wider throughout. 

A frame is constructed on each bank. The standards are laid on 
the ground in prolongation of the bridge, butts toward the bank. The 
ledgers are lashed on above and the transoms beneath the standards at 
the positions marked. The diagonal braces are lashed to the stand¬ 
ards, two butts and one tip above the latter, and to each other. 

Before the braces are lashed the frame must be square by checking 
the measurements of the diagonals. 

If necessary, pickets for the foot and guy ropes are driven, the 
former about 2 paces from the bank and 4 paces on each side of the 
axis of the bridge; the latter about 20 paces from the bank and 10 
paces on each side of the axis. The foot ropes, CC , Fig. 5, are secured 
by timber hitches to the butts of the standards and the back and fore 
guys, DD and EE, to the tips the fore guys are passed across to the 

opposite bank. The guys of the narrow frame should be inside the 

guys and standards of the wide frame. 

The frames are put into position one after the other, or simul¬ 
taneously if there are enough men. A man is told off to each foot 
rope and one to each back guy to slack off as required, two turns 


[ 130 ] 


205-206 

being taken with each of these ropes around their respective pickets. 
The other men raise the frame and launch it forward, assisted by the 
men at the fore guys, until the frame is balanced on the edge of the 
bank. The frame is then tilted until the butts rest on the footing, by 
slacking off the foot ropes and hauling on the fore guys, Fig. 5. After 
the head of the frame has been hauled over beyond the perpendicular, 
it is lowered nearly into its final position by slacking off the back 
guys. When the two frames are in this position opposite each other, 
the narrow frame is further lowered until its standards rest upon the. 
transom of the other. The wider (outer) frame is then lowered until 
the two lock into each other, the standards of each resting upon the 
transom of the other. 

The center or fork transom, Figs. 3 and 4, is then passed from 
shore and placed in the fork between the two frames. This forms the 
central support to receive a floor system of two bays, built as already 
described. 

The estimated time for construction of such a bridge is about one 
hour if the material is available and in position on both sides of the 
stream. The construction of the roadway requires about twenty 
minutes; forming footings in masonry about one hour. 

205. Construction of double-lock bridge, Fig. 6.—Suitable for 
spans not exceeding 45 ft., and consisting of two inclined frames which 
lock into a connecting horizontal frame of two or more distance 
pieces, with cross transoms, dividing the gap to be bridged into three 
equal bays of about 15 ft. The force required is two or three noncom¬ 
missioned officers and 25 to 50 men; the time for construction, except 
roadway, about two and one-half hours; extra time t© be allowed for 
difficult footings. 

The width of gap is measured, the position of footings determined, 
and the length of standards from butt to transom determined and 
marked as before. 

The inclined frames in this case are built of equal widths, launched 
as before, and held by guys just above their final position. Two 
stringers are launched out from each bank to the main transom. The 
distance pieces, Fig. 6, are put into position inside the standards, using 
tackle if necessary, and the road transoms are placed and lashed to 
the distance pieces at the places marked. Both frames are now 
lowered until they jam. 

206. Roadway of spar bridge. For infantry in fours crowded 
the transoms should have a diam. of not less than 9 ins. for a span 
of 15 ft. Five stringers 2 ft. 3 ins. c. to c., and 6 ins. diam. at the tip 


[ 131 ] 


207-208 

will suffice. If the sticks vary in size, the larger ones should be 
notched down on the transom so as to bring the tops in the same 
plane. The stringers should be long enough to overlap the transoms, 
and should be lashed together at each tip. The floor is held down by 
side rails over the outside stringers and lashed to them. If lumber 
can not be obtained, a floor may be made of small spars, the inter¬ 
stices filled with brush, and the whole covered with loam or clay; 
Figs. 7 and 9. 

Corduroy Roads 

207. Corduroying is done by laying logs crosswise of the road 
and* touching each other. The result will be better if the logs are 
nearly of the same size. The butts and tips should alternate. If the 
logs are large the spaces may be filled with smaller poles. The bot¬ 
tom tier of logs should be evenly bedded and should have a firm 
bearing at the ends and not ride on the middle. The filling poles, if 
used, should be cut and trimmed to lie close, packing them about the 
ends if necessary. If the soil is only moderately soft the logs need be 
no longer than the width of the road. In soft marsh it may be neces¬ 
sary to make them longer. 

The logs may be utilized as the wearing surface. In fact this is 
usually the case. They make a rough surface, uncomfortable for pas¬ 
sengers and hard on wagons and loads, but the resistance to traction 
is much less than would be expected, and the roughness and slightly 
yielding surface make excellent footing for animals. Surface corduroy 
is perishable and can last but a short time. In marshes, where the 
logs can be placed below the ground-water level, they are preserved 
from decay, and if any suitable material can be found, to put a thin 
embankment over them, a good permanent road may be made. 

Any tough, fibrous material may be used to temporarily harden 
the surface of a road. Hay or straw, tall weeds, corn and cane stalks 
have been used to good advantage. Such materials should be laid 
with the fibers crosswise of the road, and covered with a thin layer of 
earth, thrown on from the sides; except in sand, when it is better to 
dig a shallow trench across the road, fill it with the material and then 
dig another trench just in front of and in contact with the first and 
throw the sand from it back onto the material in the first trench, etc. 

Brush work 

208. A fascine is a cylindrical bundle of brush, closely bound. 
The usual length is 18 ft. and the diam. 9 ins. when compressed. 
Lengths of 9 and 6 ft., which are sometimes used, are most conveni- 


1132 ] 


208 (contd.) 

ently obtained by sawing a standard fascine into 2 or 3 pieces. The 
weight of a fascine of partially seasoned material will average 140 lbs. 

Fascines are made in a cradle which consists of five trestles. A 
trestle is made of two sticks about 6^2 ft. long and 3 ins. in diam., 
driven into the ground and lashed at the intersection as shown in Fig. 
10. In making a cradle, plant the end trestles 16 ft. apart and parallel 
Stretch a line from one to the other over the intersection, place the 
others 4 ft. apart and lash them so that each intersection comes fairly 
to the line. 

To build a fascine, straight pieces of brush, 1 or 2 ins. at the butt, 
are laid on, the butts projecting at the end 1 ft. beyond the trestle. 
Leaves should be stripped and unruly branches cut off, or partially 
cut through, so that they will lie close. The larger straighter 
brush should be laid on the outside, butts alternating in direction, and 
smaller stuff in the center. The general object is to so dispose the 
brush as to make the fascine of uniform size, strength, and stiffness 
from end to end. 

When the cradle is nearly filled, the fascine is compressed or 
choked by the fascine choker, Fig. 11, which consists of 2 bars 4 ft. 
long, joined at 18 ins. from the ends by a chain 4 ft. long. The chain 
is marked at 14 ins. each way from the middle by inserting a ring or 
special link. To use, two men standing on opposite sides pass the 
chain under the brush, place the short ends of the handles on top and 
pass the bars, short end first, across to each other. They then bear 
down on the long ends until the marks on the chain come together. 
Chokers may be improvised from sticks and rope or wire. 

Binding will be done with a double turn of wire or tarred rope. It 
should be done in 12 places, 18 ins. apart, the end binders 3 ins. out¬ 
side the end trestles. To bind a fascine will require 66 ft. of wire. 

Improvised binders may be made from rods of live brush, hickory 
or hazel is the best. Place the butt under the foot and twist the rod 

to partially separate the fibers and make it flexible. A rod so pre¬ 

pared is called a withe. To use a withe, make a half turn and twist at 
the smaller end, Fig. 12; pass the withe around the brush and the 
large end through the eye. Draw taut and double the large end back, 
taking 2 half-hitches over its own standing part, Fig. 13. 

When the fascine is choked and bound, saw the ends off square, 

9 ins. outside the end binders. After a cradle is made, 4 men can make 

1 fascine per hour, with wire binding. Withes require 1 man more. 

A fascine revetment is made by placing the fascines as shown in 
Fig. 14. The use of headers and anchors is absolutely necessary in 


[ 133 ] 


209-210 

loose soils only, but they greatly strengthen the revetment in any case. 
A fascine revetment must always be crowned with sods or bags. 

209. In all brush weaving the following terms have been adopted 
and are convenient to use: 

Randing. Weaving a single rod in and out between pickets. 
Slewing. Weaving two or more rods together in the same way. 
Pairing. Carrying two rods together, crossing each other in and 
out at each picket. 

Wattling. A general term applied to the woven part of brush 
construction. 



210. A hurdle is a, basket work made of brushwood. If made in 
pieces, the usual size is 2 ft. 9 ins. by 6 ft., though the width may be 
varied so that it will cover the desired height of slope. 

A hurdle is made by describing on the ground an arc of a circle of 
8 ft. radius and on the arc driving 10 pickets, 8 ins. apart, covering 
6 ft. out to out, Fig. 15. Brush is then woven in and out and well corn- 


1134 ] 
































211-212-213 

pacted. The concave side of a hurdle should be placed next the earth. 
It wraps less than if made flat. 

In weaving the hurdle, begin randing at the middle space at the 
bottom. Reaching the end, twist the rod as described for a withe, but 
at one point only, bend it around the end picket and work back. Start 
a second rod before the first one is quite out, slewing the two for a 
short distance. Hammer the wattling down snug on the pickets with 
a block of wood and continue until the top is reached. It improves 
the hurdle to finish the edges with two selected rods paired, Fig. 16. 
A pairing may be introduced in the middle, if desired, to give the 
hurdle extra endurance if it is to be used as a pavement or floor. If 
the hurdle is not to be used at once, or if it is to be transported, it 
must be sewed. The sewing is done with wire, twine, or withes at 
each end and in the middle, with stitches about 6 ins. long, as shown 
in Fig. 16. About 40 ft. of wire is required to sew one hurdle. No. 14 
is about the right size, and a coil of 100 lbs. will sew 40 hurdles. 
Three men should make a hurdle in 2 hours, 2 wattling and the third 
preparing the rods. 

211. Continuous hurdle. If conditions permit the revetment to 
be built in place, the hurdle is made continuous for considerable 
lengths. The pickets may be larger; they are driven farther apart, 12 
or 18 ins., and the brush may be heavier. The construction is more 
rapid. The pickets are driven with a little more slant than is intended 
and must be anchored to the parapet. A line of poles with wire 
attached at intervals of 2 or 3 pickets will answer. The wires should 
be made fast to the pickets after the wattling is done. They will 
interfere with the weaving if fastened sooner. Two men should make 
4 yds. of continuous hurdle of ordinary height in one hour. 

212. Brush revetment. Pickets may be set as above described 
and the brush laid inside of them without weaving, being held in place 
by bringing the earth up with it. In this case the anchors must be 
fastened before the brush laying begins. The wires are not much in 
the way in this operation. 

213. Gabion making. A gabion is a cylindrical basket with open 
ends, made of brush woven on pickets or stakes as described for 
hurdles. The usual size is 2 ft. outside diam. and 2 ft. 9 ins. height of 
wattling. On account of the sharp curvature somewhat better brush 
is required for gabions than will do for hurdles. 

The gabion form, Fig. 17, is of wood, 21 ins. diam., with equi¬ 
distant notches around the circumference, equal in number to the 
number of pickets to be used, usually 8 to 14, less if the brush is large 


[1351 


213 (contd.) 

and stiff, more if it is small and pliable. The notches should be of 
such depth that the pickets will project to 1 in. outside the circle. 



Plate III 
[1361 























































214 

The pickets should be 1J4 to 1 Y\ ins. diam., 3 ft. 6 ins. long and 
sharpened, half at the small and half at the large end. 

To make a gabion, the form is placed on the ground, level or 
nearly so, and the pickets are driven vertically in the notches, large 
and small ends down, alternately. The form is then raised a foot and 
held by placing a lashing around outside the pickets, tightened with 
a rack stick, Fig. 18. The wattling is randed or slewed from the 
form up. The form is then dropped down, the gabion inverted and 
the wattling completed. If the brush is small, uniform, and pliable, 
pairing will make a better wattling than randing. If not for immedi¬ 
ate use, the gabion must be sewed as described for hurdles, the same 
quantity of wire being required. 

The gabion, when wattled and sewed, is completed by cutting off 
the tops of the pickets 1 in. from the web, the bottom 3 ins., the 
latter sharpened after cutting, and driving a carrying picket through 
the middle of its length and a little on side of the axis. See that the 
middle of this picket is smooth. Three men should make a gabion in 
an hour. 

Gabions may be made without the forms, but the work is slower 
and not so good. The circle is struck on the ground and the pickets 
driven at the proper points. The weaving is done from the ground up 
and the entire time of one man is required to keep the pickets in 
proper position. 

If brush is scarce, gabions may be made with 6 ins. of wattling at 
each end, the middle left open. In filling, the open part may be lined 
with straw, grass, brush cuttings, or grain sacks, to keep the earth 
from running out. 

214. Gabion revetment. The use of gabions in revetments is 
illustrated in Fig. 20. If more than two tiers are used, the separating 
fascines should be anchored back. Gabion revetments should be 
crowned with sods or bags. 

The advantages of the gabion revetment are very great. It can 
be put in place without extra labor and faster and with less exposure 
than any other. It is self-supporting and gives cover from view and 
partial cover from fire quicker than any other form. 

Several forms of gabions of other material than brush have been 
used. Sheet iron and iron and paper hoops are some of them. The 
iron splinters badly, is heavy, and has not given satisfaction. If any 
special materials are supplied the method of using them will, in view 
of the foregoing explanation, be obvious. 


[ 137 ] 


215-216-217-218-219 

215. Timber or pole revetment. Poles too large for use in any 
other way may be cut to length and stood on end to form a revetment. 
The lower ends should be in a small trench and have a waling piece 
in front of them. There must also be a waling piece or cap at or near 
the top, anchored back. Fig. 21 shows this form. 

216. Miscellaneous revetments. Any receptacles for earth which 
will make a stable, compact pile, as boxes, baskets, oil or other cans, 
may be used for a revetment. Barrels may be used for gabions. 
Canvas stretched behind pickets is well thought of in a foreign service. 
If the soil will make adobe, or sun-dried bricks, an excellent revetment 
may be made of them, but it will not stand wet weather. 

217. Square or reef knot, Fig. 22, commonly used 
for joining two ropes of the same size. The standing 
and running parts of each rope must pass through the 
loop of the other in the same direction, i. e., from above 
downward or vice versa; otherwise a granny, is made, 
which is a useless knot that will not hold. The reef 
knot can be upset by taking one end of the rope and 
its standing part and pulling them in opposite directions. 
With dry rope a reef knot is as strong as the rope; with 
wet rope it slips before the rope breaks, while a double 
sheet bend is found to hold. 

218. Two half hitches, Fig. 23, espe¬ 
cially useful for belaying, or making fast 

Fig. 22 the end of a rope round its own standing 
Square or Reef p art> The en( j ma y foe lashed down or 
seized to the standing part with a piece of spun yarn; 
this adds to its security and prevents slipping. 

This knot should never be used for hoisting a spar. 

219. Clove hitch, Fig. 24, 
generally used for fastening a 
rope at right angles to a spar or 
at the commencement of a lash¬ 
ing. If the end of the spar is free, Tw0 half hltches 
the hitch is made by first forming two loops, as 
in Fig. 26, placing the right-hand loop over the 
other one and slipping the double loop (Fig. 27) 
over the end of the spar. If this can not be 
done, pass the end of the rope round the spar, 
Fi g> 24 bring it up to the right of the standing part, 

Clove hitch cross over the latter, make another turn round 




Fig. 23 



11381 












220 - 221-222 



the spar, 
and bring 
up the end 
between the 
spar, the 
last turn, 
and the 
standing 
part, Fig. 



Fig. 26 


Clove hitch 


Fig. 27 


Fig. 28 
Timber hitch 


and secured to it with spun yarn. 


When used for securing guys to sheer legs, 

etc., the knot 
should be 
made with a 
long end, 
which is 
formed into 
two half hitch¬ 
es round the 
standing part 



Fig. 29 

Timber hitch and half hitch 



Fig. 30 
Bowline 


220. Timber hitch, Fig. 28, used for hauling and 
lifting spars. It can easily be loosed when the strain 
is taken off, but will not slip under a pull. When used 
for hauling spars, a half hitch is added near the end of 
the spar, Fig. 29. 

221. Bowline, Fig. 30, forms a loop that will not 
slip. Make loop with the standing part of the rope un¬ 
derneath, pass the end from below through the loop, 
over the part round the standing part of the rope, and 
then down through the loop c. The length of bight de¬ 
pends upon the purpose for which the knot is required. 

222. Bowline on a bight, Fig. 31. The first part 
is made like 


the above, 
with the double part of a 
rope; then the bight a 
is pulled through suffi¬ 
ciently to allow it to be 
bent past d and come up 
in the position shown. It 



Fig. 31 

Bowline on a Bight 


T1391 















22254 - 223 - 224-225 

makes a more comfortable sling for a man than a single 
bight. 

222 y 2 . Sheep shank, Fig. 32, used for shortening a 
rope or to pass by a weak spot; a half hitch is taken with 
the standing parts around the bights. 

223. Short splice. To make a short splice, Figs. 33, 
34, 35, unlay the strands of each rope for a convenient 
length. Bring the rope ends together so that each strand 
of one rope lies between the two consecutive strands of 
the other rope. Draw the strands of the first rope along 
the second and grasp with one hand. Then work a free 
strand of the second rope over the nearest strand of the 
first rope and under the second strand, working in a direc¬ 
tion opposite to the twist of the rope. The same opera¬ 
tion applied to all the strands will give the result shown by 
Sheep Shank 34. The S pij c i n g ma y b e continued in the same 

manner to any extent (Fig. 35) and the free ends of the strands may 
be cut off when desired. The splice may be neatly tapered by cutting 
out a few fibers from each strand each time it is passed through the 
rope. Rolling under a board or the foot will make the splice compact. 

224. Long splice (Figs. 36, 37).—Unlay the strands of each rope 
for a convenient length and bring together as for a short splice. Un¬ 
lay to any desired length a strand, d, of one rope, laying in its place 
the nearest strand, a, of the other rope. Repeat the operation in the 
opposite direction with two other strands, c and f. Fig. 37 shows 
strands c and f secured by tying together. Strands b and e are shown 
secured by unlaying half of each for a suitable length and laying 
half of the other in place of the unlayed portions, the loose ends being 
passed through the rope. This splice is used when the rope is to 
run through a block. The diameter of the rope is not enlarged at 
the splice. The ends of the strands should not be trimmed off close 
until the splice has been thoroughly stretched by work. 

225. Eye splice (Figs. 38, 39, 40, 41).—Unlay a convenient length 
of rope. Pass one loose strand, a, under one strand of the rope, as 
shown in fig. 38, forming an eye of the proper size. Pass a second 
loose strand, b, under the strand of the rope next to the strand which 
secures a, Fig. 39. Pass the third strand, c, under the strand next to 
that which secures b, fig. 40. Draw all taut and continue and complete 
as for a short splice. 



[1401 










225 (contd.) 





Tip 33 Short Splice 


Fig. 34 Short Splice 




Fig 38 Fig. 39 


Fig. 40 Fig. 41 


Plate IV 
f 1411 






226-227-228 


Lashings 

226. To lash a transom to an upright spar, Fig. 42, transom in 
front of upright.—A clove hitch is made round the upright a few 
inches below the transom. The lashing is brought under the transom, 
up in front of it, horizontally behind the upright, down in front of 
the transom, and back behind the upright at the level of the bottom 
of the transom and above the clove hitch. The following turns are 
kept outside the previous ones on one spar and inside on the other, 
not riding over the turns already made. Four turns or more are 
required. A couple of frapping turns are then taken between the 
spars, around the lashing, and the lashing is finished off either round 
one of the spars or any part of the lashing through which the rope 
can be passed. The final clove hitch should never be made around 
the spar on the side toward which the stress is to come, as it may 
jam and be difficult to remove. The lashing must be well beaten 
with handspike or pick handle to tighten it up. This is called a square 
lashing. 

227. Lashing for a pair of shears, Fig. 43.—The two spars for 
the shears are laid alongside of each other with their butts on the 
ground, the points below where the lashing is to be resting on a skid. 
A clove hitch is made round one spar and the lashing taken loosely 
eight or nine times about the two spars above it without riding. A 
couple of frapping turns are then taken between the spars and the 
lashing is finished off with a clove hitch above the turns on one of 
the spars. The butts of the spars are then opened out and a sling 
passed over the fork, to which the block is hooked or lashed, and fore 
and back guys are made fast with clove hitches to the bottom and 
top spars, respectively, just above the fork, Fig. 44. 

228. To lash three spars together as for a gin or tripod.—Mark 
on each spar the distance from the butt to the center of the lashing. 
Lay two of the spars parallel to each other with an interval a little 
greater than the diameter. Rest their tips on a skid and lay the third 
spar between them with its butt in the opposite direction so that the 
marks on the three spars will be in line. Make a clove hitch on one 
of the outer spars below the lashing and take eight or nine loose 
turns around the three, as shown in Fig. 45. Take a couple of frap¬ 
ping turns between each pair of spars in succession and finish with a 
clove hitch on the central spar above the lashing. Pass a sling over 
the lashing and the tripod is ready for raising. 


[ 142 ] 


228 (contd.) 



Plate V 
[1431 






















































































































































































229 

229. Holdfasts.—To prepare a fastening in the ground for the 
attachment of guys or purchases, stout pickets are driven into the 
ground one behind the other, in the line of pull. The head of each 
picket except the last is secured by a lashing to the foot of the picket 
next behind, Fig. 46. The lashings are tightened by rack sticks, the 
points of which are driven into the ground to hold them in position. 
The distance between the stakes should be several times the height 
of the stake above the ground. 

Another form requiring more labor but having much greater 
strength is called a “ deadman ,” and consists of a log laid in a trans¬ 
verse trench with an inclined trench intersecting it at its middle point. 
The cable is passed down the inclined trench, takes several round 
turns on the log, and is fastened to it by half hitches and marlin stop¬ 
ping, Figs. 47, 48, 49. If the cable is to lead horizontally or inclined 
downward, it should pass over a log at the outlet of the inclined 
trench, Fig. 48. If the cable is to lead upward, this log is not neces¬ 
sary, but the anchor log must be buried deeper. 


U44| 




229 (contd.) 



Plate VI 
[ 145 ] 




























































230-230^-231-232 


CHAPTER XVII 


FIELD FORTIFICATIONS 


230. Object. The object of field fortifications is twofold. 

1. To increase the fighting power of troops by enabling the 
soldier to use his weapons with the greatest possible effect. 

2. To protect the soldier against the enemy’s fire. 

230 * 4 . How these objects are accomplished. 

These objects are accomplished: 

1. By means of shelters—trenches, redoubts, splinterproofs, etc., 
which protect the soldier from the enemy’s fire. 

2. By means of obstacles—wire entanglements, abatis, pits, etc., 
which delay the advance of the enemy. 

231. Classification. Field fortifications are usually divided into 
three classes, hasty intrenchments, deliberate intrenchments and siege 
works. 

Nomenclature of the Trench. The following illustration shows the 
names of the various parts of the trench. 



232. Hasty intrenchments include trenches dug by troops upon 
the battlefield to increase their fighting power. They are usually con¬ 
structed in the presence of the enemy and in haste and embrace three 
forms, viz.:—the lying trench, the kneeling trench, and the standing 
trench. 




Fig. 2 
[1461 
























233-234-235 

233. Lying trench. (Fig. 2.) This trench gives cover to a man 
lying down. When intrenching under fire the rifle trench can be con¬ 
structed by a man lying down. He can mask himself from view in 
about 10 to 12 minutes and can complete the trench in 40 to 45 
minutes. A good method is to dig a trench 18 inches wide back to his 
knees, roll into it and dig 12 inches wide alongside of it and down 
to the feet, then roll into the second cut and extend the first one back. 



Conditions may require men to work in pairs, one firing while the 
other uses his intrenching tool. Duties are exchanged from time to 
time until the trench is completed. 

The height of the parapet should not exceed 1 foot. This trench 
affords limited protection against rifle fire and less against shrapnel. 

234. Kneeling trench. (Fig. 3.) Time permitting the lying 
trench may be enlarged and deepened until the kneeling trench has 

2S — * (+ 

\~2t\q ft. 

Fig. 3 


< 2.5 > , 

># 525 sq ft.#S 


been constructed. 
The width of the 
bottom should be 
2J4 feet—preferably 
3 feet—and the re¬ 
lief (distance from 


bottom of trench to top of parapet) is 3 feet—the proper height for 
firing over in a kneeling position. 

235. Standing trench (Fig. 4) has a bottom width of 3 to 3j4 
feet and a relief of 
4 y 2 feet which is 
the proper firing 
height for men of 
average stature. 

As this trench does 
not give complete 
cover to men stand¬ 
ing in it a passage way should be constructed in rear of it not less 



Fig. 4 


[ 147 ] 















236-237 



than 6 feet below 
the interior crest. 
This forms the 
complete trench 
(Fig. 5). Figures 
6-7-8 show simple 
standing trenches 
used in the Euro¬ 
pean War. 


Simple Stonding Trench, Parapet Suppressed. 


I N 



Fig. 6 


236. Deliber¬ 
ate intrenchments comprise trenches and works constructed by troops 
not in line of battle 
and are usually in¬ 
tended to enable a 
small force to re¬ 
sist a much larger 
one. It frequently 
happens that hasty 
intrenchments are 
developed into de¬ 
liberate intrenchments and from this stage pass into the domain of 

siege works. 

Simple Standing Trench, Rocky Ground 237. Fire trench¬ 

es, —the trenches which 
shelter the firing line,— 
are of different types. 
No fixed type can be 
prescribed. The type 
must be selected with 
due regard to the ter¬ 
rain, enemy, time, 
tools, soil, etc., but all should conform to the requirements of a good 
field of fire, and protection 
for the troops behind a 
vertical wall, preferably 
with some head or over 
head cover. 

The simplest form of 
fire trench is deep and 
narrow and has a flat con- 



Narrow Firing Trench with Parados 



r 1481 































237 (contd.) 



Fig. 11 



►-J- 


L wrmi C 


Pocketsnvytx CXCi 
for rtmman’ttc-1 

(*4m 


Nopnropet . #05 <e the eorth 


Wmesso'yc/coo" 

y^for feet wfi'n 

JJi sM y 


Fig. 12 


cealed parapet (Fig. 9). When time will permit the simple trench 
should be planned with a view to developing it into a more complete 
form (Figs. 10 and 11). In all trenches as soon as practicable a pas¬ 
sage way—2 feet wide at the bottom—should be provided, in rear of 
the firing step, for the men carrying supplies, ammunition, etc., and 
for the removal of the wounded. 


P/tfiAPCC 


CGjAQ trench 


'ERSL 


SQUAD TACCNC" 


I ' 

SOtjAD TRENCH 


PASSAGE 


PASSAGE 


Fig. 13 


When 
the exca¬ 
vated earth 
is easily re- 
moved a 
fire trench 
without 
parapet 
may be the 


one best suited to the 
soil and other condi¬ 
tions affecting the con¬ 
ditions of profile (Fig. 
12). The enemy’s in¬ 
fantry as well as artil¬ 
lery will generally have 
great difficulty in see¬ 
ing this trench. Fig. 
13 shows a squad 
trench. Fig. 14 shows 
a fire trench provided 


Protection ogomst'Shrapnel 



[ 149 ] 

















































tO+o 16 Feet 


237 (contd.) 



O 

£ 

\— 


[ 150 ] 


Methods for Communication Trenches in rear of Firinq Trenches 



































































237 (contd.) 



m 


+ 






‘• Sortie Steps 
-JL*1 


Section m m 


Recessed ond Traversed Firing Trench 
Fig. 16 


ri5ij 






























































































238 

with protection against shrapnel. This trench is used in the European 
War. 

In the European War the aim in constructing fire trenches seems 

Trench Shelter to to m * n i" 

m i z e and 
localize artil¬ 
lery effect as 
far as pos- 
s i b 1 e. The 
main excava- 
t i o n along 
the front is 
a continuous, 

very deep communication, not in itself prepared for active defense. 
The actual firing is done from banquettes or firing steps just to the 
front of the passage or from trenches dug as far as 5 or 10 feet in 
front of the main excavation and reached by short passages. Figs. 15 
and 16 show the type of this construction. Fig. 17 shows a fire trench 
with parades and shelter. 

238. Traverses. Fire trenches are divided into sections or bays 
by means of traverses which intercept side or enfilade fire and limit 



Fig. 18 

Store Recesses for Water. Hand-grenades, Reserve Ammunition, Machine Guns, 
Range-Finders, Blankets, etc. (From Field Entrenchments —Solano.) 

the effect of shells, bombs or grenades, which burst inside of the 
trench. The traverses should be wide enough to screen the full 
width of the trench with a little to spare. The thickness of the tra¬ 
verse varies from 3 to 6 feet or more. Six feet is the dimension gener- 



[ 152 ] 



























239-240 

ally found in the traverses in the trenches on the European battle 
fronts. 


239. Trench recesses; sortie steps. It will be noted that in some 
of the diagrams of the trenches now being used in the European War 
the berm has been eliminated entirely. The object being to bring 
the firer closer to the vertical wall thus giving him better protection 
from shrapnel fire. There have also been added to the trench, recesses 
for hand grenades. These recesses are similar to recesses dug in the 
front wall of the trench for ammunition. One form of recess is 
shown in (Fig. 18). In order to provide facilities for rapidly mount¬ 
ing from the trench to charge, sortie steps and stakes have been pro¬ 
vided in some trenches as shown in (Fig. 16). 

240. Parados. Instead of shrapnel, explosive shell is most fre¬ 
quently used in the European War. This necessitates the addition 
of a parados to the fire trench to protect against the back blast of 
high explosives. This is shown in (Figs. 8 and 17). 

An interesting development in cover for the firing line is shown 
in dugouts constructed in the fire trenches in the European War. 
These dugouts are deep underground and shelter from 3 to 8 men 
each (Fig. 19). These dugouts will be discussed more in length under 
cover trenches. 


Head cover is the term applied to 
any horizontal cover which may be 
provided above the plane of fire. It 
is obtained by notching or loopholing 
the top of the parapet so that the 
bottoms of the notches or loopholes 
are in the desired plane ot fire. The 
extra height of parapet may be 12 to 
18 inches and the loopholes may be 
3 to Z l /2 feet center to center. 

Head cover is of limited utility. 
It increases the visibility of the 
parapet and restricts the field of fire. 
At close range the loopholes serve as aiming points to steady the 
enemy’s fire and. may do more harm than good at longer ranges. 
This is especially the case if the enemy can see any light through the 
loophole. He waits for the light to be obscured, when he fires, know¬ 
ing there is a man’s head behind the loophole. A background must 
be provided or a removable screen arranged so that there will be no 
difference in the appearance of the loophole whether a man is looking 


+ Z 



Fig. 19 


[ 153 ] 


240 (contd.) 



V- <*■ it ukii.ifti,' 4 i'ir Tv*\iJf 



rig M 


r 1541 












































241-242 

through it or not. Head cover is advantageous only when the condi¬ 
tions of the foreground are such that the enemy can not get close up. 

241. Notches and loopholes, Figs. 20-22, are alike in all respects, 
except that the latter have a roof or top and the former have not. The 
bottom, also called floor or sole, is a part of the original superior 
slope. The sides, sometimes called cheeks, are vertical or nearly so. 
The plan depends upon local conditions. There is always a narrow 
part, called the throat, which is just large enough to take the rifle and 
permit sighting. From the throat the sides diverge at an angle, called 
the splay, which depends upon the field of fire necessary. 

The position of the throat may vary. If on the outside, it is less 
conspicuous but more easily obstructed by injury to the parapet and 
more difficult to use, since in changing aim laterally the man must 
move around a pivot in the plane of the throat. If the material of 
which the loophole is constructed presents hard surfaces, the throat 
should be outside, notwithstanding the disadvantages of that position, 
or else the sides must be stepped as in Fig. 22. In some cases it may 
be best to adopt a compromise position and put the throat in the mid¬ 
dle, Fig. 22. Figs. 23 to 26 show details and dimensions of a loophole 
of sand bags. 

A serviceable form of loophole consists of a pyramidal box of 
plank with a steel plate spiked across the small end and pierced for 
fire. Fig. 27 shows a section of such a construction. It is commonly 
known as the hopper loophole. The plate should be Ys in. thick, if of 
special steel; or in., if ordinary metal. Fig. 28 shows the opening 
used by the Japanese in Manchuria and Fig. 29 that used by the 
Russians. 

The construction of a notch requires only the introduction of some 
available rigid material to form the sides; by adding a cover the notch 
becomes a loophole. Where the fire involves a wide lateral and small 
vertical angle, loopholes may take the form of a long slit. Such a form 
will result from laying logs or fascines lengthwise on the parapet, sup¬ 
ported at intervals by sods or other material, Fig. 31, or small poles 
covered with earth may be used, Fig. 30. 

242. Overhead cover. This usually consists of a raised platform 
of some kind covered with earth. It is frequently combined with 
horizontal cover in a single structure, which protects the top and 
exposed side. The supporting platform will almost always be of wood 
and may vary from brushwood or light poles to heavy timbers and 
plank. It is better, especially with brush or poles, to place a layer of 
sods, grass down, or straw or grain sacks over the platform before 
putting on the earth, to prevent the latter from sifting through. 


[ 155 ] 


243 


The thickness of overhead cover depends upon the class of fire 
against which protection is desired, and is sometimes limited by the 
vertical space available, since it must afford headroom beneath, and 
generally should not project above the nearest natural or artificial 
horizontal cover. For splinter proofs a layer of earth 6 to 8 ins. thick 
on a support of brush or poles strong enough to hold it up will suffice 
if the structure is horizontal. If the front is higher than the rear, less 
thickness is necessary; if the rear is higher than the front, more is 
required. For bombproofs a minimum thickness of 6 ins. of timber 
and 3 ft. of earth is necessary against field and siege guns, or 12 ins. 
timber and 6 ft. of earth against the howitzers and mortars of a heavy 
siege train, not exceeding 6 ins. in caliber. 



In determining the area of overhead cover to be provided, allow 
6 sq. ft. per man for occupancy while on duty only, or 12 sq. ft. per man 
for continuous occupancy not of long duration. For long occupation 
18 to 20 sq. ft. per man should be provided. 

It is not practicable to give complete cover to rifle positions that 
will successfully withstand the heavy artillery of today. The use 
of overhead cover is usually limited to that sufficient for protection 
against rifle fire, machine gun fire and shrapnel. 

243. Cover trenches are constructed to provide safe cover for 
the supports or reinforcements of the fire trenches or to provide cook¬ 
ing and resting facilities for the garrison of the neighboring fire 
trenches. The important point in cover trenches is safety. They 
vary in design from the simple rectangular trenches to elaborately 


[ 156 ] 






















244-245 

constructed trenches having overhead cover, kitchens, shelters, 
latrines, dressing stations, etc. Cover trenches must not be mistaken 
for a secondary position, they are cover for the firing line, supports 

and reserves until they are required in the 
fire trenches. The cover trench requires a 
depth of at least 6 feet to protect men stand¬ 
ing. Greater depths may be used when 
necessary. Fig. 36 is a section of an open 
cover trench and Fig. 37 of a closed one. 
This section may be used for a communi¬ 
cating trench. 

Fig. 38 shows a 
cover trench close 
to a fire trench. 

The character of 
overhead cover 
for trenches is Fig. 37 Fig. 38 

shown in the diagrams under overhead cover. The distance of the 
cover trenches varies with the situation. The experience of the 
European War places the cover trenches from 15 to 50 yards in rear 
of the fire trenches. These trenches furnish shelter for at least % of 
the firing line and supports. 

The reserves are furnished yet more elaborate shelter, with plenty 
of room for the men to lie down and rest and when practicable, bath¬ 
ing facilities are provided. 

244. Dugouts. An elaborate system of dugouts has developed 
along the lines occupied by the troops in the European War. These 
dugouts are located from 14 to 40 feet below the ground and are 
reached by stairs in timbered passage ways. At the foot of the stairs 
a tunnel or corridor runs forward and on either side or at the end, 
rooms have been dug out varying in size. Most of these rooms have 
been timbered and lined. Many are electrically lighted. In some of 
these underground shelters, accommodations for several hundred men 
have been prepared with all of the necessary facilities for making 
them comfortable. It must be understood that such elaborate prepara¬ 
tions can only be made when troops face each other in trenches 
where operations have developed into practically a siege. 

245. Communicating trenches. These trenches as the name 
implies are for the purpose of providing safe communication between 
the cover and fire trenches. They may be also constructed just in rear 
of a series of fire trenches to provide a means of communication from 


[ 157 ] 






246 

one to the other. Communicating trenches also extend to the rear of 
the cover trenches and provide safe passage to fresh troops or supplies. 
These trenches are usually laid out in zig zag or curved lines (Fig. 39), 
to prevent enfilade fire from sweeping them. As a general rule 
excavated earth is placed on both sides of the trench to afford pro- 





Typical Passage Trench from Supports to Firing-line. 

(From Field Entrenchments —Solano.) 

tection, the depth is usually from 6 to 7 feet. (Fig. 15) shows a 
typical communicating trench. 

246. Lookouts. To enable the garrison of a trench to get the 
greatest amount of comfort and rest, a lookout should be constructed 
and a sentinel stationed therein. 

The simplest form would consist of two sandbags placed on the 
parapet and splayed so as to give the required view, and carefully con¬ 
cealed. 

Better forms may be constructed, with one side resting on the berm 
by using short uprights with overhead cover, a slit on all sides being 
provided for observation. 


[ 158 ] 
















































247-248 

At night, lookouts are usually posted at listening points located in 
or beyond the line of obstacles. These will be discussed under 
obstacles. 


247. Supporting Points. In some cases small supporting points 
may have to be established close behind the general line of trenches 
for the purpose of breaking up a successful attack on the trenches 
and to aid in delivering a counter attack. These points are strongly 
entrenched and have all around wire entanglements and are garrisoned 
by from 20 to 40 picked men or by larger forces if the situation 
demand it. In some cases machine guns are added to the force in the 
supporting point. 

248. Example of trench system. Having discussed trenches and 
obstacles somewhat in detail, let us take a combination of the whole 


FIRST LINE FIRING TRENCH 

KEY O - Office and te!e phone central 


LAKE 



F- first aid 
station 
M - Mocbme gut 

Contour Interval obout 3 feet 


NOTL iff ngthof^t re shown requires OOOut -.. 

occupation and about twice that many m Support Then 
loopholes , rbe space between th*m Oefnq cu ranged with 
banquette So that rn* parapet may te mornc 

dthcryency tty Supports 


Fig. 40 


showing a complete system such as is used today. (Fig. 40) is a good 
example. 

Beginning at the front we have the line of wire entanglements or 
obstacles with their listening posts X, for guarding them. Connecting 
the listening posts to the fire trenches are the communicating trenches. 
The fire trenches are shown by the heavy black line running about 60 
feet in rear of the obstacles. Note the many traverses shown by the 
indentations in the line. Points marked M with arrows projecting to 


[ 159 ] 











249 

the flanks are machine guns, so located as to sweep the front of the 
position with a cross fire. Points marked S are underground shelters 
for from 3 to 6 men. Points marked S' are shelters for 30 men. In 
rear of the firing trenches at a distance varying from 100 to 200 feet 
is the line of cover trenches. This line is connected with the fire 
trenches by the zig zagged line of communicating trenches. Note 
that the latrines (L) and first aid stations (F) are just off from the 
communicating trenches, while the larger- shelters for men (S') are 
near the cover trenches. As the note on the diagram shows, the trench 
requires 250 men to occupy it with double that number in support. 
The trench has 108 loopholes with spaces between provided with a 
higher banquette so that the whole parapet may be manned for firing. 

On the battlefields of Europe today there are generally three lines 
of fire trenches. This permits the defender to fall back to a 2nd or 3rd 
prepared position in case he is driven out of his first trench. On a hill 
we find a fire trench near the foot of the slope, one just forward of the 
military crest and the third on the reverse slope of the hill. 

In many instances the first line trenches consist of as many as 
four or five lines of trenches running in a general lateral direction and 
connected by deep narrow communicating trenches. The depth be¬ 
tween the first and last of these trenches is, in some instances, not 
over a hundred yards. Sign boards are necessary at short intervals to 
prevent the soldiers from getting lost. The effect of having so many 
alternative firing trenches is to make it extremely difficult for an 
enemy to advance from, or even to hold one of them, even when he 
gains a footing, as he would be swept by fire from the supporting 
trenches in rear and also by flanking fire from the adjacent trenches. 

249. Location, There are two things to be considered in 
locating trenches: (1) The tactical situation, and (2) the nature of the 
ground. The first consideration requires that the trenches be so 
located as to give the best field of fire. Locating near the base of 
hills possesses the advantage of horizontal fire, but, as a rule, it is 
difficult to support trenches so located and to retreat therefrom in 
case of necessity. While location near the crest of hills—on the 
“military crest”—does not possess the advantage of horizontal fire, it 
is easier to support trenches so located and to retreat therefrom. 
Depending upon circumstances, there are times when it will be better 
to intrench near the base of hills and there are other times when it 
will be better to intrench on the “military crest,” which is always in 
front of the natural crest. The construction of trenches along the 
“military crest” does not give any “dead space”—that is, any space to 
the front that can not be reached by the fire of the men in the trenches. 


D60] 


249 (contd.) 

Whether we should construct our trenches on high or low ground 
is a matter that should always be carefully considered under the par¬ 
ticular conditions that happen to exist at that particular time, and the 
matter may be summarized as follows: 

The advantages of the high ground are: 

1. We can generally see better what is going on to our front and 
flanks; and the men have a feeling of security that they do not enjoy 
on low ground. 

2. We can usually reenforce the firing line better and the dead and 
wounded can be removed more easily. 

3. The line of retreat is better. 

The disadvantages are: 

1. The plunging fire of a high position is not as effective as a 
sweeping fire of a low one. 

2. It is not as easy to conceal our position. 

The advantages of low ground, are: 

1. The low, sweeping fire that we get, especially when the ground 
in front is fairly flat and the view over the greater part of it is unin¬ 
terrupted, is the most effective kind of fire. 

2. As a rule it is easier to conceal trenches on low ground, espe¬ 
cially from artillery fire. 

3. If our trenches are on low. ground, our artillery will be able to 
find good positions on the hill behind us without interfering with the 
infantry defense. 

The disadvantages are: 

1. As a rule it will be more difficult to reenforce the firing line and 
to remove the dead and wounded from the trenches. 

2. On a low position there will usually be an increase of dead 
space in our front. 

3. The average soldier acting on the defensive dreads that the 
enemy may turn his flank, and this feeling is much more pronounced 
on low ground than on high ground. Should the enemy succeed in 

• getting a footing on our flank with our trenches on top of the hill, it 
would be bad enough, but it would certainly be far worse if he got a 
footing on top of the hill, on the flank and rear, with our company on 
low ground in front. We, therefore, see there are things to be said 
for and against both high and low ground, and the most that can be 
said without examining a particular piece of ground is: Our natural 
inclination is to select high ground, but, as a rule, this choice will 
reduce our fire effect, and if there is a covered approach to our fire 


[ 161 ] 


250 

trenches and very little dead ground in front of it, with an extensive 
field of fire, there is no doubt the lower ground is better. However, 
if these conditions do not exist to a considerable degree, the moral 
advantage of the higher ground must be given great weight, especially 
in a close country. 

The experience of the European War emphasizes the fact that the 
location of rifle trenches is today, just as much as ever, a matter of 
compromise to be determined by sound judgment on the part of the 
responsible officers. The siting of trenches so that they, are not under 
artillery observation is a matter of great importance, but it has yet 
to be proven that this requirement is more important than an extensive 
field of fire. There are many instances where to escape observation 
and fire from the artillery, trenches were located on the reverse slopes, 
giving only a limited field of fire. This restricted field of fire permitted 
the enemy to approach within a few hundred yards of the trench and 
robbed them of the concealment they had hoped to gain. The choice 
between a site in front, and one in rear of a crest, is influenced by 
local conditions which govern the effectiveness of our own and the 
enemy’s fire. In general, the best location for effective fire trenches 
lies between the military crest of rising ground and the lowest line 
from which the foreground is visible. If the position on the military 
crest is conspicuous, it is inadvisable. 

With regard to the nature of the ground, trenches should, if 
practicable, be so located as to avoid stony ground, because of the 
difficult work entailed and of the danger of flying fragments, should 
the parapet be struck by an artillery projectile. 

To locate the trace of the trenches, lie on the ground at intervals 
and select the best field of fire consistent with the requirements of the 
situation. 

Trenches should be laid out in company lengths, if possible, and 
adjoining trenches should afford each other mutual support. The 
flanks and important gaps in the line should be protected by fire 
trenches echeloned in rear. 

250. Concealment of trenches. Owing to the facilities for ob¬ 
servation that the aeroplanes and other air craft afford, and to the 
accuracy and effect of modern artillery fire, every possible means 
should be taken to conceal trenches, gun implacements, and other 
works. The aim should be to alter the natural surface of the ground 
as little as possible and to present a target of the smallest possible 
dimensions. Covering the parapet with brush or grass will afford tem¬ 
porary concealment. If the new earth can be sodded it aids greatly in 


[ 162 ] 


251-252-253-254-255 

concealing the trench. In some cases troops have gone to the extent 
of painting canvas to resemble the ground and have placed it over 
trenches, guns, etc. Straw and grass placed in the bottom of trenches 
make them less conspicuous to air scouts. When trenches are dug 
on a fairly steep slope care must be used to conceal the back of the 
trench, which, being higher than the parapet, will stand out as a scar 
on the hillside. Grass or brush may be used to conceal the back of 
the trench. 

251. Dummy trenches. May be constructed which attract the 
enemy’s attention and draw his fire, or at least a part of it. The 
extent to which this method may be used may include the construction 
of dummy obstacles and guns, and even hats may be placed on the 
parapets. 

252. Length of trench. The usual minimum allowance of trench 
space is one yard per man, although in some tests, two feet was found 
sufficient for men to fire satisfactorily. Ordinarily one squad will 
occupy the space between two traverses which experience has shown 
should be about 15 feet apart. 

253. Preparation of the foreground. One of the first principles 
in improving the foreground is that an enemy attacking the trenches 
shall be continually exposed to fire especially in the last 400 or 500 
yards. This requires a clearing of the foreground and a filling in of 
depressions or leveling of cover. Dead space may be swept by fire 
of trenches specially located for that purpose. Those features of 
the ground which obstruct the field of fire, restrict the view or f&vor 
the enemy’s approach, should be removed as fast as possible. On 
the other hand, features which favor the concealment of the trenches 
or increase the difficulty of the attack would better be left standing, 
especially when it is possible to fire through or over them. 

254. Revetments. By a revetment we mean a facing placed 
against the front or back wall of a trench to keep the earth in place. 

When trenches are to be occupied for any length of time, they 
must be revetted. There are many forms of revetments. Sod revet¬ 
ments, stakes with brush behind them, stakes with planks, boards, or 
poles behind them and a common form seen in the trenches in 
Europe—chicken wire with brush or canvas behind it. 

255. Drainage. All trenches should be dug so as to drain in 
case of rain. In favorable locations the trench may be constructed to 
drain automatically, by constructing it with an incline to one end. 
Under ordinary circumstances dry standing has to be provided in 


[ 163 ] 


/ 


256-257-258-259-260 

trenches by raising the foot level by the use of brush, boards, poles, 
etc. Bailing will have to be resorted to in most cases to drain the 
trench. 

256. Water supply. At least Vz a gallon of water per man per 
day should be supplied. The supply is almost invariably liable to be 
contaminated, therefore, it should be sterilized by boiling or by treat¬ 
ing with chemicals. 

257. Latrines. Numerous latrines must be constructed in the 
trenches. These are usually located just off from the communicating 
trenches. Some form of receptacle should be used and all deposits 
covered with earth. These receptacles are removed from time to time 
and emptied in pits dug for that purpose. Urinal cans must also be 
provided and cared for in a similar manner. 

258. Illumination of the foreground. Battlefield illumination is 
a necessity where night attacks may be expected, and also as a pro¬ 
tection to the line of obstacles. Portable searchlights have become an 
accepted part of every army. In addition to these, trenches must be 
supplied with reflector lights, star bombs, rockets and flares, arranged 
so that they can be put into action instantaneously when the enemy 
approaches. 

The foreground should be entirely illuminated, leaving the de¬ 
fenders in the shadow. If the light is too close to the defenders’ 
parapet, they are illuminated and become a good target. Some flares 
will burn for 20 minutes and may be thrown -to the front as grenades, 
firefl as rockets, shot from small mortars, or placed well to the front 
to be set off by trip wires close to the ground. The best light devised 
is one that can be fired well to the front from a small mortar and then 
hung suspended from an open parachute above the enemy. Bonfires 
can be laid ready for lighting when no other means is at hand. What¬ 
ever form of illumination is adopted, it should withstand bad weather 
conditions and prolonged bombardment. 

259. Telephones. When armies have been forced to trench war¬ 
fare and time has permitted an elaborate system of trenches to be con¬ 
structed, telephone communication is established as soon as possible. 
The central station, with the switch-board, is located in a shelter in 
rear of the cover trenches and lines are run to all trenches, lookout 
stations and listening points. 

260. Siege works. Comprise devices used by besiegers and be¬ 
sieged in attack and defense of strong fortifications and especially 
those devices that enable troops to advance under continuous cover. 


[ 164 ] 


261-262-263-264 


CHAPTER XVIII 
OBSTACLES 

261. Object. The main objects in placing obstacles in front of 
the trenches are, to protect them from surprise, and to stop the 
enemy’s advance or to delay him while under the defender’s fire. 

262. Necessity for obstacles. It is evident that the present ten¬ 
dency is to reduce the number of men assigned to constant occupancy 
of the first line trenches. This is due to the effectiveness of rifle fire 
at close range, the destructive effect of shell and shrapnel, the infre¬ 
quency of daylight attack on intrenched positions, and the severe 
strain on the men. The aim seems to be the placing here and there 
of a lookout or trench guards, who, when necessity demands can call 
help from the near-by splinter-proofs, dugouts, etc., before the enemy 
can make his way through the obstacles. It has been found from 
experience in the European War that as long as shells are directed at 
the trenches no danger of attack is feared but, when the shells are 
concentrated against the obstacles the trenches are manned and 
preparations are made to resist an assault. 

263. Location. Obstacles must be so located that they will be 
exposed to the defenders’ fire, and should be sheltered as far as pos¬ 
sible from the enemy’s artillery fire. They should be difficult to re¬ 
move or destroy, should afford no cover for the enemy, and should 
not obstruct counter attacks. No obstacle should be more than 100 
yards from the defender’s trench. Care must be taken not to place 
them so close to the trench that hand grenades can be thrown into 
the trench from beyond the obstacle. Obstacles may be placed in 
one, two or three lines. As far as possible they should be concealed 
so that they will not betray the location of the trench. 

264. Kinds of Obstacles. The following are the most common 
kinds of obstacles:— 

Abatis consisting of trees lying parallel to each other with the 
branches pointing in the general direction of approach and interlaced. 
All leaves and small twigs should be removed and the stiff ends of 
branches pointed. 


[ 165 ] 


265-266-267 

Abatis on open ground is most conveniently made of branches 
about 15 feet long. The branches are staked or tied down and the 
butts anchored by covering them with earth. Barbed wire may be 
interlaced among the branches. Successive rows are placed, the 
branches of one extending over the trunks of the one in front, so as 
to make the abatis 5 feet high and as wide as desired. It is better to 
place the abatis in a natural depression or a ditch, for concealment 
and protection from fire. If exposed to artillery, an abatis must be 
protected either as above or else by raising a glacis in front of it. 
Fig. 1 shows a typical form of abatis with a glacis in front. An abatis 
formed by felling trees toward the enemy, leaving the butt hanging 
to the stump, the branches prepared as before, is called a slashing, 
Fig. 2. It gives cover, and should be well flanked. 

265. A palisade is a man-tight fence of posts. Round poles 4 to 
6 inches in diameter at the large end are best. If the sticks run 5 to 8 
inches, they may be split. If defended from the rear, palisades give 
some shelter from fire and the openings should be made as large as 
possible without letting men through. If defended from the flank, 
they may be closer, say 3 to 4 inches apart. The top should be 
pointed. A strand or two of barbed wire run along the top and* 
stapled to each post is a valuable addition. 

Palisading is best made up in panels of 6 or 8 feet length, connected 
by a waling piece, preferably of plank, otherwise of split stuff. If the 
tops are free, two wales should be used, both underground. If the 
tops are connected by wires, one will do. 

Palisades should be planted to incline slightly to the front. As 
little earth should be disturbed in digging as possible, and one side 
of the trench should be kept in the desired plane of the palisade. If 
stones can be had to fit between the posts and the.top of the trench, 
they will increase the stiffness of the structure and save time in ram¬ 
ming, or a small log may be laid in the trench along the outside of 
the posts. Figs. 3 and 4 show the construction and placing of pali¬ 
sades. 

266. A fraise is a palisade horizontal, or nearly so, projecting 
from the scarp or counterscarp. A modern and better form consists 
of supports at 3 or 4 feet interval, connected by barbed wire,, forming 
a horizontal wire fence. Fig. 5. 

267. Chevaux de frise are obstacles of the form shown in Fig. 
6. They are usually made in sections of manageable length chained 
together at the ends. They are most useful in closing roads or other 
narrow passages, as they can be quickly opened for friendly troops. 


[ 166 ] 


268-269-270-271 

The lances may be of iron instead of wood and rectangular instead of 
round; the axial beam may be solid or composite. Figs. 8 and 9 
show methods of constructing chevaux de frise with dimension stuff. 

268. A formidable obstacle against cavalry consists of railroad 
ties planted at intervals of 10 feet with the tops feet above the 
ground, and connected by a line of rails spiked securely to each, Fig. 
7. The rail ends should be connected by fish plates and bolted, with 
the ends of the bolts riveted down on the ends. 

Figs. 10 and 11 show forms of heavy obstacles employed in 
Manchuria by the Russians and Japanese, respectively. The former 
is composed of timber trestles, made in rear and carried out at night. 
The latter appears to have been planted in place. 

269. A wire entanglement is composed of stakes driven in the 
ground and connected by wire, barbed is the best, passing horizontally 
or diagonally, or both. The stakes are roughly in rectangular or 
quincunx order, but slight irregularities, both of position and height 
should be introduced. 

In the high entanglement the stakes average 4 feet from the 
ground, and the wiring is horizontal and diagonal, Fig. 12. 

The low wire entanglement has stakes averaging 18 inches above 
the ground and the wire is horizontal only. This form is especially 
effective if concealed in high grass. In both kinds the wires should 
be wound around the stakes and stapled and passed loosely from one 
stake to the next. When two or more wires cross they should be 
tied together. Barbed wire is more difficult to string but better when 
done. The most practicable form results from the use of barbed wire 
for the horizontal strands and smooth wire for the rest. 

This is the most generally useful of all obstacles because of the 
rapidity of construction, the difficulty of removal, the comparatively 
slight injury from artillery fire, and its independence of local material 
supplies. 

270. Time and materials. One man can make 10 sq. yds. of low 
and 3 sq. yds of high entanglement per hour. The low form requires 
10 feet of wire per sq. yd. and the high 30 feet. No. 14 is a suitable 
size. The smooth wire runs 58.9 ft. to the lb. A 100-lb. coil will make 
600 sq. yds. of low or 200 sq. yds. of high entanglement. If barbed 
wire is used, the weight will be about 2 y 2 times as much. 

271. Wire fence. An ordinary barbed-wire fence is a consider¬ 
able obstacle if well swept by fire. It becomes more formidable if a 
ditch is dug on one or both sides to obstruct the passage of wheels 


[ 167 ] 


271 (eontd.) 



mi 


Enemy 



Fig. 2 




HB 06 CS H6'4ST 

F4 S . 4 


^ ^////.t f\ y\ MVvV\ l * Wtyfl; * .'V’S ///> ^ 



Fig. 7 


Fig 8 


Fig. 9 




Plate I 


[ 168 ] 







































271 (contd.) 


Stage I 



Stage II 



High wire entanglement, showing method of linking posts head to foot and foot to 
head. Wire, plain or barbed, then festooned with barbed wire. Bind wires where they 
cross. Use broken bottles, crows feet, planks with spikes or fishhooks in conjunction 
with this entanglement. (From Knowledge of War —Lake.) 


after the fence has been cut. The fence is much more difficult to get 
through if provided with an apron on one or both sides, inclined at 
an angle of about 45°, as indicated in Figs. 13 and 14. This form was 
much used in South Africa for connecting lines between blockhouses. 
When used in this way the lines of fence may be 300 to 600 yds. long, 
in plan like a worm fence, with the blockhouse at the reentrant angles. 
Fixed rests for rifles, giving them the proper aim to enfilade the fence, 
were prepared at the blockhouses for use at night. 


[ 169 ] 










272-273 


Such a fence may be arranged in many 
ways to give an automatic alarm either me¬ 
chanically or electrically. The mechanical forms 
mostly depend on one or more single wires 
which are smooth, and are tightly stretched 
through staples on the posts which hold them 
loosely, permitting them to slip when cut and 
drop a counter-weight at the blockhouse, 
which in falling explodes a cap or pulls the 

272. Military pits or trous de loup are excavations in the shape 
of an inverted cone or pyramid, with a pointed stake in the bottom. 
They should not be so deep as to afford cover to the skirmisher. 
Two and one-half feet or-less is a suitable depth. Fig. 15 shows a plan 
and section of such pits. 



Fig. 13 

Fig. 14 

trigger of a rifle. 




fe- 

X] 


X 

Ifg 

/ \J 



lifc ' 1 

! 

/ \ i 



K 

xl 
✓ \ 

jf§p> 


If: 

X 

US 


Fig. 16 


They are usually dug in 3 or 5 rows and the earth thrown to the 
front to form a glacis. The rear row is dug first and then the next 
in front, and so on, so that no earth is east over the finished pits. 

An excellent arrangement is to dig the pits in a checkerboard 
plan, leaving alternate squares and placing a stake in each of them to 
form a wire entanglement, Fig. 16. One man can make 5 pits on a 
2-hour relief. 

273. Miscellaneous barricades. Anything rigid in form and mov¬ 
able may be used to give cover from view and fire and to obstruct 
the advance of an assailant. Boxes, bales and sacks of goods, furni¬ 
ture, books, etc., have been so used. The principles above stated for 
other obstacles should be followed, so far as the character of the 
materials will permit. The rest ingenuity must supply. Such devices 
are usually called barricades and are useful in blocking the streets 
of towns and cities. 


[ 170 ] 













































274-275 

274. Inundations. Backing up the water of a stream so that it 
overflows a considerable area forms a good obstacle even though of 
fordable depth. If shallow, the difficulty of fording may be increased 
by irregular holes or ditches dug before the water comes up or by 
driving stakes or making entanglements. Fords have frequently been 
obstructed by ordinary harrows laid on the bottom with the teeth up. 

The unusual natural conditions necessary to a successful inunda¬ 
tion and the extent and character of the work required to construct 
the dams make this defense of exceptional use. It may be attempted 
with advantage when the drainage of a considerable flat area passes 
through a restricted opening, as a natural gorge, a culvert, or a 
bridge. 

Open cribs filled with stones, or tighter ones with gravel or earth 
may form the basis of the obstruction to the flow of water. The usual 
method of tightening cracks or spaces between cribs is by throwing 
in earth or alternate layers of straw, hay, grass, earth, or sacks of 
clay. Unless the flow is enough to allow considerable leakage, the 
operation will not be practicable with field resources. 

When the local conditions permit water to be run into the ditch 
of a parapet it should always be done. 


275. Obstacles in front of outguards should be low so they can¬ 
not be seen at night. A very simple and effective obstacle can be 
made by fastening a single strand of wire to the top of stout stakes 
about a foot high, and then placing another wire a little higher and 
parallel to, and about one yard in rear of, the first. The wires must 
be drawn tight, and securely fastened, and the stakes fairly close 
together, so that if the wire is cut between any two stakes the re¬ 
mainder will not be cut loose. Any one approaching the enemy will 
trip over the first wire, and before he can recover himself he will be 
brought down by the second. In the absence of wire, small saplings 
may be used instead. Of course, they are not as good as wire, but 

it does not take much 
to trip up a man in the 
dark. 


Lessons from the Euro¬ 
pean War 

What follows is 
based on reports from 
the battle fronts in 
Europe. 


OtHECtiON OF £N£My. 



sr 

about z yA nos 


Fig. 17 


[ 171 ] 





275 (contd.) 

Wire entanglements. The war in Europe has proven that the 
wire entanglements are the most important and effective obstacle yet 
devised. Owing to the intensity of the opposing fire and in many 
cases to the short distance between the opposing trenches, it has be¬ 
come necessary to construct all forms of obstacles in portable sec¬ 
tions which are carried or rolled quickly into place, either by soldiers 
rushing out in daylight and quickly staking the obstacles down or by 
placing the obstacles quietly at night. 

For placing wire entanglements at night, an iron post has been 
devised about Y\ of an inch in diameter, with eyelets for attaching the 
wire. The lower 18 inches is made as an auger, so that the posts can 
be quietly screwed into the ground at night and the wire attached. 
Another method of placing wire entanglements is to make them in 
sections and roll them up. These sections are usually about 20 feet 
long, the wire firmly fastened to the sharpened stakes. At a favor¬ 
able moment the soldiers rush out, unrolling the sections as they go 
and with mauls quietly drive the stakes. Loose ends of wire enable 
the sections to be bound together as placed. 

Another form of wire entanglement is shown in (Fig. 18). Trian¬ 
gular pyramids 3 feet 6 inches high are made of poles or timber. The 
pyramids are usually arranged in pairs with the wire on three faces 
so that, no matter if the obstacle is rolled over, a wire fence is pre¬ 
sented. These obstacles are carried out and placed so as to break 
joints and are staked down as soon as possible. 


SubsTiTute for Posrv 



The wire used for entanglements is found more convenient to 
handle when wound on a stake a yard in length, in a sort of figure 
eight winding. Special barbed wire of heavier material and barbs 
placed close together has been found much more effective than the 
commercial barbed wire. 

In some localities electrified wire has been used. In such cases 
the obstacle is charged in sections, so that, if one section is grounded 
it will not affect the others. 


[ 172 ] 









276 - 277-278 

276. Wire chevaux de frise. Two forms of this obstacle have 
appeared. Both are portable. They consist of two or more wooden 
crosses fastened at their centers to a long pole and connected with 
each other by barbed wire. This obstacle retains its effectiveness 
when rolled over. (Figs. 19 and 20) give an idea of their construc¬ 
tion. The form shown in (Fig. 19) is often made small enough for 
individuals to carry. These are prepared in the trenches and used 
for throwing into one’s own entanglements to make them more com¬ 
plex or may be carried when making an assault and thrown into the 
enemy’s trenches to prevent movements from one part of the trench 


Wir© Chevaux de FVise. 




Fig. 20 


to another. The long stick projects out of the end to be used as a 
handle. 

277. Guarding obstacles. It has been found necessary to keep 
a constant watch over obstacles after they have been placed. 

278. Listening posts. One of the best methods is to post one 
or more men in listening posts in or beyond the line of obstacles. 
These listening posts are rifle pits with over head cover, fully pro¬ 
tected from fire from the rear as well as front, and loop holes for 
observation and fire. They are connected with the fire trenches by 


[ 173 ] 















279-280 

means of a covered communication or even tunnels in some cases 
and are provided with some form of prompt communication with the 
firing trenches by telephone, bell or other means. The communicat¬ 
ing trench or tunnel is provided with a strong door which may be 
closed to prevent an enemy from securing access to the fire trench, 
in case the lookout is surprised. Pits with trap doors are also used 
to prevent an enemy from creeping up the tunnel to the fire trench. 

These lookouts can give early warning of the approach of an 
enemy, either for the purpose of assault or cutting through the 
obstacles. In many instances they have detected mining operations 
of the enemy by hearing the blows of picks under ground. 

279. Automatic alarms. Many automatic alarms have been used 
to give warning of attack on the obstacles. These vary from the 
simple setting of a pistol or rifle, which is fired when the enemy 
attempts to cut through the entanglement, to intricate electrical 
alarms. 

280. Searchlights. Searchlights have been provided so that, the 
instant an alarm is given the obstacles are flooded by a brilliant 
light and the enemy exposed to fire. 


I 1741 


APPENDIX 


USEFUL ARTICLES OF FIELD EQUIPMENT 



Folding Camp Chaik 

Size folded, 3 feet long by 3 inches' square. Weight, 6 pounds. Will support 300 

pounds. 



Folding Camp Table 

Tod 2 feet 3 inches wide and 3 feet long. Size, folded, 3 feet long by 5 x 7 inches. 
Weight, 18 lbs. Will support 300 pounds. 


[ 175.1 





/ 


Camp Stool 

Folds 2^4 inches square, 2 feet long: 
weight, 2 pounds. Will support 300 
pounds. 


W ash Stand (Rubber Folding) 

Folds 2 inches square, 3 feet long; 
weight, 2 pounds. 




Attach to tent pole. 

“Shur-Foot” Folding Camp 

T ABLE 


Sleeping Hood 

Weight, 3 ounces. 


f 1 76] 





























Bath Tubs 



Open 



Packed 

Rubber, Diameter, 16 inches. 



Open 



Folded, Double 
Canvas, Diameter, 30 inches. 


[ 177 ] 














Folded, 


Double 


Wash Basin, No. i 


Open 


Wash Basin, No. 2 

Capacity, 1 gallon. Weight, 7 ounces. 



Folded, Double 
Water Pail, No. 2 





[ 178 ] 

















Compass, No. i 


Compass, No. 2 



Compass, No. 3 


Match Box 


[ 179 ] 












Gold Medal Cot 



Folded Open 

Telescope Cot 


Camp Candlesticks 
Makes Two Candlesticks 



Ready for Use Prepared for Closing 

[ 180 ] 



Closed 


\ 

















v-.v 



Map Case 


[ 181 ] 


Opened, 11x15 inches 













Acetylene Lamps 


[ 182 ] 























Watch Bracelet 



Web Tent Clothes Hanger 



Safety Ax 



Combination Knife 


[ 183 ] 










Duffle Bag 

(Waterproof). 


[ 184 ] 










PIousewtfe 






Preston Mess Kit 

Consists of canteen, frying pan, stew 
pan, plate, knife, fork and spoon. Size 
9^x6x4 inches. 


[ 185 ] 










































































Camp Combination 



It is at the same time a Sleep- 
in 8, ?, ag ’ a Camp Bed, Mattress 
and Blanket, a Camp Hammock, 
and a Canvas Carry-all. 




Tt is made of heavy 12 02 . Army Duck 
either lined or, unhned. It is also made with 
a double bottom open at each end so it can 
lie stuffed with any suitable drv substance 
as a mattress. 


• When used with a cot the Camp Combination 
is an ideal Camp Bed. It is unsurpassed as a 
( amp Hammock. 



[ 186 ] 










CoroNA 

Unequalled for Field Service 

An excellent machine for garrison use, it also possesses ALL the requisites 
of the ideal typewriter for field service, viz.: 

It has small bulk (only 354 cubic inches, folded. The ordinary 
office typewriters average 2500 cubic inches). 

It weighs but little (6 lbs. alone and 9 lbs. with case; the 
average typewriter weighs from 27 to 38 lbs.) 

It is of simple, strong construction and will stand hard usage 
without getting out of order. 

It is easily operated—even by men who have had no previous 
experience. 

In other words, as a writing machine for Army use 

CORONA spells MILITARY EFFICIENCY 

COMPLETE WITH CASE, $50 

The Corona Folding Stand adds greatly to the convenience of the machine 
for field use, and the extra cost is but $5.00. 

DETAILS ON REQUEST 

CORONA TYPEWRITER CO, Inc., GROTON, N. Y. 

Agencies in All Principal Cities 




To make your shoes waterproof 
To make your shoes soft and comfortable 
To make your shoes wear 3 times longer 
To keep the harness and saddle in ^ood order 

Use Visco! 

Vised makes the leather soft and pliable and also 
waterproof. Viscolized leather remains soft and pliable 
under continuous hard service, even when it is worn in 
salt water or in snow. Vised is a solution of a rubber¬ 
like material which amalgamates with the leather sub¬ 
stance and is not driven out of the leather by heat or. by 
water, the way oils are. Its beneficial effect is lasting. 
Leather that is treated with Viscol wears several times as long as 
leather that has not been thus treated. 

Viscol is sold by many of the Post Exchanges and by most shoe dealers. 
If you can not procure it at the nearest Post Exchange or from your shoe 
dealer, write to 

VISCOL COMPANY 

East Cambridge Boston, Mass. 



viscol 

softens 
preserves 
Waterproofs 
shoes.boots 
Jarness belts 


USED BY UNCLE SAM’S EXPERT RIFLEMEN 


V/4T INITkO '♦V* 

A perfect solvent 
lor clconino Hi(h 
Power miles Shot 
Guns and Revo Iv 
ers-Posiiiveij* 111 

I remove Ihe rest- 

Idueolsnysmoke I 

less or Blade Pow 
ider.tndwpenwW | 
forctean!'nsX“*-l 

'fi lies usinfl bl»cj 1 

powder. Removes 

fielalFouImPwd 
Leadmfi wuboui 
Hveuse of the brass 
ibrustiltwHIpre I 

'jSSttS 
SSSSS 
" 3 S 2 BS 

1 FRANK a. hoppe’ 


Hoppe’s 

Nitro Powder Solvent No. 9 

Trade Mark Registered 

For Cleaning High Power (Springfield) Rifles, 
Revolvers and Firearms of All Kinds 

A compound that will remove the residue of any 
high-power powder, including Black Powder. It will 
neutralize any residue and loosen metal fouling and 
leading that may be left in the barrel after cleaning, 
and prevent Pitting. No. 9 is the only Rifle-cleaning 
Solvent that will remove Rust, Metal Fouling and 
Leading. For cleaning the .22 cal. Rifles, Revolvers 
and Automatic Pistols it has no equal. Nitro Powder 
Solvent No. 9 is endorsed by the most prominent 
Riflemen in America. Used by U. S. Rifle Teams, 
and at Buenos Ayres, Argentine Matches. No Rifle¬ 
man or Quartermaster’s Department should be with¬ 
out it. 

Sold by Sporting Goods Dealers and at Post Exchanges 


FRANK A. HOPPE, Sole Manufacturer, Station 0, Philadelphia, U. S. A. 



















THE ARMY AND NAVY JOURNAL 

“ The Newspaper of the Services” 

Established 1863 

20 Vesey Street New York 

The ARMY AND NAVY JOURNAL, established in 1863, during the Civil 
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Each week the JOURNAL gives complete information, official and personal, con¬ 
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A special subscription rate of $3.00 per year is offered for, individual subscriptions 
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W. C. & F. P. CHURCH, Proprietors 

20 Vesey Street, New York City 

Cable Address: Armynavy, New York 


You can obtain from 

THE ARMY AND NAVY JOURNAL 

the following books which are essential to military education and training: 

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Approved and Published by Authority of the Secretary of War for the United 
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ment changes to date. 

Bound in Extra Strong Bristol Board, Price, 30 cents. 

Bound in embossed Cloth, Price, 50 cents. 

SPECIAL EDITION, INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS 

With War Department changes. 

Gives interpretations of the Drill Regulations, illustrations of the manual of arms 
and the manual of the saber, and a complete index to the Drill Regulations, features 
of great value in the study of the Drill Regulations, especially in teaching recruits. 

Bound in Fabrikoid, Price, 75 cents. 


MANUAL OF INTERIOR GUARD DUTY 

With War Department Changes 
Price, 25 cents. Bound in Fabrikoid, 50 cents. 

The above prices include postage 

The discounts allowed on quantities will be furnished on application. 

ARMY AND NAVY JOURNAL 
20 Vesey Street New York City 




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Military Topography 

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Rapid Reconnaissance and Sketching 

By Major C. O. Sherrill.$1.25 

Military Map Reading 

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Manual for Quartermasters 

By Major Alexander E. Williams.$1.10 

Questions on Field Service 

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Questions on Manual for Courts-Martial and Evidence 

By Lieut. Edward F. Witsell.$0.60 

The Technique of Modern Tactics 

By Majs. C. S. Bond and M. J. McDonough.$2.65 

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Military Field Notebook 

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Field Sanitation 

By Lt. Col. James S. Wilson...$1.00 

Soldier’s Foot and the Military Shoe 

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Operation Orders—Field Artillery 

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Elements of Modern Field Artillery 

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Military Character, Habit, Deportment, Courtesy, and Discipline 


A Working Knowledge of Spanish 

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Lessons in Visual Signalling 

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Practical English Punctuation 

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Tactical Principles and Problems 

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Adjutants’ Manual 

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Exercises for Systematic Scout Instruction 

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Five Tactical Principles and Uniform Tactical Training 

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One set of Gettysburg maps for same, unmounted, price 20c, mounted, price 35c. 
Catechism of Uniform Tactical Training 

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Military Aviation 

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THE MOSS PUBLICATIONS 


(By Major Jas. A. Moss. U. S. Army) 

(Published by Geo. Banta Publishing Co., Menasha, Wis.) 

OFFICERS’ MANUAL. An invaluable guide in all matters pertaining to the social 
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Officers, adjutants, quartermasters, etc. Especially valuable to officers of the 

National Guard and officers just joining the Army.$2.50 

NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS’ MANUAL. Covers in a simple, practical way 
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noncommissioned officers of the Regular Army.$1.50 

PRIVATES’ MANUAL. (Profusely illustrated.) Gives in one book, in convenient, 
illustrated and understandable form, the principal things the soldier should know, 

and which one must now go through many books to get.$1.00 

MANUAL OF MILITARY TRAINING. (Profusely illustrated.) Makes unnecessary 
all other books for the training and instruction of Volunteer COMPANIES and of 
COMPANY officers of Volunteers. Adopted as the military textbook of over ninety 

(90) of our military sctiools and college's. 60,000 copies sold in two years.$2.25 

QUESTIONS ON MANUAL OF MILITARY TRAINING. This book is prepared 
for use with the Manual of Military Training and enables mastery of the manual 

and preparation as nothing else will for recitations and examinations.$0.50 

APPLIED MINOR TACTICS. (Including Map Problems, War Game, Map Reading, 
and Map Sketching.) Revised Edition. Simplified for beginners. Especially 
adapted to the instruction of subalterns, noncommissioned officers and privates in 

their duties in campaign.$1.25 

FIELD SERVICE. Treats the subject in a practical, concrete way, giving valuable 
suggestions as the result of the experience of a number of officers and enlisted 

men.$1.25 

INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS SIMPLIFIED. (Profusely illustrated.) An 
illustrated, annotated and indexed edition of the War Department edition. Invalu¬ 
able to beginners and to students of Infantry Drill Regulations.$0.75 

SPANISH FOR SOLDIERS. (Capt. John W. Lang, collaborator.) A combination 
grammar and English-Spanish and Spanish-English dictionary and phrase book, 
intended to give officers and soldiers a fair working conversational knowledge of 

military Spanish.$1.00 

SELF-HELPS FOR THE CITIZEN-SOLDIER. (Profusely illustrated.) (Lieut. 
Colonel M. B. Stewart, collaborator.) A popular explanation of things mili¬ 
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RIOT DUTY. Presents the subject in practical, tabloid form, telling an officer exactly 

what to do tactically and legally if ordered on riot duty..$0.50 

ARMY CHANGES. Published quarterly. Gives all changes in the Army Regula¬ 
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forty (40) other War Department publications, from the dates of their publication 
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ARMY PAPERWORK. An exhaustive and practical presentation of the subject with 

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MILITARY TRAINING FOR BOYS. Profusely illustrated. (Lieut. Colonel M. 
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PEACE AND WAR DUTIES OF THE ENLISTED MAN. Gives in condensed, 
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march, on guard, patrolling, in battle, etc.$0.50 

TRENCH WARFARE. (Profusely illustrated.) For the training and instruction 
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battle fronts of Europe.$1.25 

QUESTIONS ON INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS. Thev brine out and 

emphasize every point in every paragraph.$0.50 

COMPANY TRAINING. Covers training of company in attack and defense. ..$0.50 
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entering the service.$1.50 

COMBINED ARMY PUBLICATIONS. A combination in ONE book the size of 
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QUESTIONS ON COMBINED ARMY PUBLICATIONS. Brings out and empha¬ 
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OUR FLAG AND ITS MESSAGE. (Lieut. Colonel M. B. Stewart, collaborator.) 
He who reads it without experiencing thrills is not an American.$0.25 

WHAT SAMMY’S DOING. (Profusely illustrated.) (Capt. Wm. IL Waldron, 

collaborator.) A pictorial sketch of a soldier’s life in one of our big training 
camps. $0.75 


ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MILITARY CUSTOMS. Including military 

miscellany of interest to soldiers and civilians. (Profusely illustrated.) ....$0.50 


ARMY MANUAL FOR MILITARY SURGEONS. (Major Frank T. Woodbury, 
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A B C’s PERSONAL PREPAREDNESS. (Profusely illustrated.) 

for home use. 

Intended to be used with the “Dandy Dummy Gun.” . 

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A Self-instructor 

.$0.50 

.$0.75 

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r 



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MENASHA, WISCONSIN 

jtSTBanta’s Complete Catalogue of Military Books will be mailed on application. 







































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